jo

• (Scotland) IPA^(key): /d͡ʒoː/
• Rhymes: -oː

From Scots jo (“joy”), from Middle English joye, from Old French joie, from Late Latin gaudia, neuter plural (mistaken as feminine singular) of Latin gaudium (“joy”), from gaudēre (“to be glad, rejoice”). Doublet of joy and gaudy (“Oxford college reunion”).

jo (plural jos)

1. (Scotland) Darling, sweetheart.
   • 1711, traditional, published by James Watson, Old Long Syne:

     On Old long syne my Jo,
     on Old long syne,
     That thou canst never once reflect,
     on Old long syne.

   • My Jo Janet (traditional Scottish song)

     Keek into the draw-well, Janet, Janet;
     There ye'll see your bonnie sel',
     My jo, Janet.

• joe

Japanese 杖

jo (plural jo)

1. The staff used in the Japanese martial art of jodo or jojutsu.

• OJ

From earlier jae[1]

• IPA^(key): /jɔ/

• Audio

  (file)

jo

1. negates non-verbal phrases: no, not

• nouk (Gostivar)

• mos
• nuk
• s'

Unknown.

• IPA^(key): (Southern) /xo/, [xo̞]
• IPA^(key): (Northern) /jo/, [jo̞]

jo ? (present participle jotzen, future participle joko, short form jo, verbal noun jotze)

1. to hit, strike, punch
2. (music) to play

   Gitarra jo nahi dut. ― I want to play the guitar.

3. to knock, rap

   Gizon itsusi batek etxeko atea jo du. ― An ugly man knocked on the door.

4. to crash
5. to head, go
6. to blow (the wind)

   Synonym: ibili

• "jo" in Euskaltzaindiaren Hiztegia [Dictionary of the Basque Academy], euskaltzaindia.eus
• “jo” in Orotariko Euskal Hiztegia [General Basque Dictionary], euskaltzaindia.eus

Cognate with Icelandic jú, Swedish jo. Equivalent to standard High German doch.

• IPA^(key): /joː/

jo

1. yes (in response to a negative question).

   Woids es ned na fuat heid? Jo, owa's wedda is a weng schlecht.

   Wolltet ihr nicht noch heute furt? Doch, aber das Wetter is etwas schlecht.

Inherited from Old Catalan jo~io~yo, from Vulgar Latin eo (attested from the sixth century), from Latin ego, from Proto-Italic *egō, from Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂; akin to Greek εγώ (egó), Sanskrit अहम् (aham), all from Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂. Compare Occitan jo, Spanish yo, French je, Italian io.

• (Central) IPA^(key): /ˈʒɔ/
• (Valencian) IPA^(key): /ˈjo/, /ˈjɔ/

• Audio

  (file)

• Rhymes: -o, -ɔ

jo (strong)

1. I
2. (after certain prepositions) me

• mi (after most prepositions)

jo m (uncountable)

1. ego (the self)

   Synonym: ego

• “jo” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
• “jo”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2023
• “jo” in Diccionari normatiu valencià, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua.
• “jo” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.

Compare Polish jo.

• IPA^(key): [ˈjo]

• Audio

  (file)

jo

1. (colloquial) yeah, yep

• ano

• ne

• jo in Příruční slovník jazyka českého, 1935–1957
• jo in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého, 1960–1971, 1989

From Latin ubi. Compare Romanian iuo, Italian ove, French où, Old Spanish o.

• IPA^(key): /jo/

jo

1. where

Borrowed from Middle Low German jo. Used like Swedish ju, German ja (adverb) / je (conjunction).

• IPA^(key): [jo] (unstressed in context)

jo

1. as you know or should know; sometimes vaguely translatable as after all or obviously
   • 2015, Henriette E. Møller, Jelne, Gyldendal A/S, →ISBN:

     Jeg ved ikke, hvad de talte om, hendes sind blev så mørkt, jeg kunne jo ikke rigtigt snakke med hende.

     I do not know of what they spoke, her mind became so dark, I could not really talk with her, as you should be able to see.

   • 2009, Sven Arvid Birkeland, I krigens kølvand: danske skæbner efter 2. verdenskrig, Gyldendal A/S, →ISBN, page 479:

     Han gik jo ikke i krig i håb om, at det skulle blive den store sejr

     After all, he did not go to war in the hopes of achieving great victory.

   • 2016, Anita Krumbach; Dorte Lilmose; Hanne Kvist; Helle Perrier; Iben Mondrup, Det du ikke ved: Noveller for unge, Gyldendal A/S, →ISBN:

     Jeg mener, at selv ens eget navn eller alder KAN man jo ikke være 100 procent sikker på er Dennis/17, vel?

     I mean, one obviously cannot even be 100% sure that one's own name or age are Dennis and 17, can one?

jo

1. the

   Jo mere jeg løber, desto trættere bliver jeg.

   The more I run, the more tired I become.

jo ... desto ..., jo ... des ... are common constructions.

From Old Norse jaur.

• IPA^(key): [ˈjɔʊ̯ˀ]

jo

1. yes (used to contradict a negative statement or negatively phrased question) (often followed by I do, he is, etc. in English to indicate contradiction rather than affirmation); identical in usage to the French si. Contrasts with ja which confirms positive statements or positively phrased questions.

   Du elsker mig ikke, gør du vel? — Jo!

   You don't love me, do you? — Yes, I do!

   Jeg har ikke gjort noget! — Jo!

   I didn't do anything! — Yes, you did!

Negatively phrased questions like Kommer du ikke?, Du kommer ikke, vel?, Du kommer ikke? ("Are you not coming?", "You are not coming, are you?", "You are not coming?") must be answered with jo to indicate that the speaker is, in fact, coming; they cannot be answered with ja ("yes").

• “jo” in Den Danske Ordbog

From English yo.

jo

1. hi

   Ey! - Jo! - Hey! - Hi!

2. bye

   Later! - Jo! - Later! - Bye!

3. you too

   Fijn weekend! - Jo! - Have a nice weekend! - You too!

• Audio

  (file)

• IPA^(key): [jo]
• Hyphenation: jo

jo (accusative singular jo-on, plural jo-oj, accusative plural jo-ojn)

1. The name of the Latin-script letter J.

• (Latin-script letter names) litero; a, bo, co, ĉo, do, e, fo, go, ĝo, ho, ĥo, i, jo, ĵo, ko, lo, mo, no, o, po, ro, so, ŝo, to, u, ŭo, vo, zo

From Proto-Finnic *jo, borrowed from Proto-Germanic *ju, compare Gothic 𐌾𐌿 (ju, “already”), Old High German ju (“already”). Cognates include Estonian ju, Votic jo, Veps jo, Ingrian jo, Karelian jo. (EES).

• IPA^(key): /ˈjo/, [ˈjo̞]
• Rhymes: -o
• Syllabification^(key): jo

jo

1. already (prior to some time; so soon)

   Luin kirjan jo loppuun.

   I already finished the book.

2. now, already (emphasizing word)

   (impatiently) Tule jo!

   Come now!

• jopa
• joko
• johan

From Vulgar Latin eo (attested from the 6th century), from Latin ego.; akin to Greek εγώ (egó), Sanskrit अहम् (aham), all from Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂.

jo

1. I

• joa, jö

Alteration of ja (“yes”) or the respective dialectal cognates. Compare English yo.

• IPA^(key): /jɔː/

jo

1. (colloquial, dialectal) yes, yeah, well; expresses agreement in a hesitant or ponderous manner.

From the respective dialectal words for yes in about half of Northern and Central Germany and all of Western Germany (compare Low German ja, jo). Possibly from Proto-Germanic *ja (“yes, thus, so”), possibly from an unrecorded root. The form with /oː/ must have existed in the Middle Ages already, since the word often partakes in the same sound shifts as words with /oː/ from other sources, cf. Swedish jo, Middle English yo (> English yo).

• IPA^(key): /joː/

jo

1. (colloquial) yes; expresses firm agreement.

• johlen

From Proto-Finnic *jo. Cognates include Finnish jo and Estonian ju.

• (Ala-Laukaa) IPA^(key): /ˈjo/, [ˈjo̞]
• (Soikkola) IPA^(key): /ˈjo/, [ˈjo̞]
• Rhymes: -o
• Hyphenation: jo

jo

1. already
   • 1936, N. A. Iljin and V. I. Junus, Bukvari iƶoroin șkouluja vart, Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 25:

     Kiko ja Miko jo uijuut.

     Kiko and Miko are already swimming.

2. Emphasises the sentence.
   • 1936, N. A. Iljin and V. I. Junus, Bukvari iƶoroin șkouluja vart, Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 64:

     Jo nyt mahan lukkia.

     Now I can read.

• Ruben E. Nirvi (1971) Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 105

jo

1. (obsolete) Alternative form of io

jo

1. Rōmaji transcription of じょ
2. Rōmaji transcription of ジョ
3. Rōmaji transcription of ぢょ
4. Rōmaji transcription of ヂョ

jo

1. already

From German jo.

• IPA^(key): /jɔ/

jo

1. yes

   Jo, mògã to zrobic. ― Yes, I can do it.

• (Kouka) IPA^(key): /ɟō/
• (Tansilla Toma) IPA^(key): /ɟû/

jo

1. water

• zo

• Beatrice Tiendrébéogo, Rapport Sociolinguistique sur la Langue Bobo Madaré (SIL Electronic Survey Reports 2007-005: 55), page 44
• Chiara Alfieri, Bernard Taverne, Ethnophysiologie, règles et précautions chez les Bobo Madare et les Mossi

• IPA^(key): /d͡ʑo/, /d͡ʑɔ/

jo

1. to be
2. to exist

• Hkaw Luk (2017) A grammatical sketch of Lacid‎, Chiang Mai: Payap University (master thesis)

jo

1. because
2. for

jo

1. the... the...

   jo vairāk naudas, jo labāk ― the more money the better

• IPA^(key): [jo]

jo

1. his (3rd person singular masculine possessive)

jo m

1. (third-person singular) genitive form of jis.

jo

1. (colloquial) yes

• juo

Perhaps borrowed from Latvian jo (“because, yet (more)”), /juo/.

• IPA^(key): /jo/

jo

1. more; used with adjectives to form comparatives
   • Tiit-Rein Viitso, Valts Ernštreits (2012–2013), Līvõkīel-ēstikīel-lețkīel sõnārōntõz, Tartu, Rīga: TÜ, LVA

     pitkā, jo pitkā

     long, longer

Perhaps borrowed from Latvian jau (“yet, already, after all”). However, compare also Finnish jo (“already”), thus ultimately a common Finnic borrowing from Proto-Germanic *ju that has likely been contaminated by the more figurative senses of Latvian jau, with the latter ultimately a distant cognate of the initial Germanic borrowing.

• IPA^(key): /jo/

jo

1. yet, already, after all
   • Tiit-Rein Viitso, Valts Ernštreits (2012–2013), Līvõkīel-ēstikīel-lețkīel sõnārōntõz, Tartu, Rīga: TÜ, LVA

     mōnigļikizt, ne jo lǟbõd mōzõ

     bumblebees, they are already migrating to their burrows (lit. "going inside of earth")

     amād jo ītist äb peļļõt

     not everyone makes the same [amount of money] (lit. "everyone after all doesn't earn the same")

• LĒL only lists jo without listing any instances of juo. Livonian-Latvian-Livonian dictionary, in turn, only lists juo for the comparative forming preposition sense.
• LĒL doesn't explicitly list the second sense that seems to exactly mirror Latvian jau (including the more figurative applications.) Such a function, however, is inferred from the many usage examples available in the dictionary. As a translation of Latvian jau (strictly in its temporal sense) LĒL lists jõbā (“already”), cf. Estonian juba.

• IPA^(key): [jɔ]

jo

1. yes (word used to show agreement or acceptance)

jo

1. third-person singular present of byś

jo

1. accusative of wóno

• njo (after preposition)

• Muka, Arnošt (1921, 1928), “jo”, in Słownik dolnoserbskeje rěcy a jeje narěcow (in German), St. Petersburg, Prague: ОРЯС РАН, ČAVU; Reprinted Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag, 2008
• Starosta, Manfred (1999), “jo”, in Dolnoserbsko-nimski słownik / Niedersorbisch-deutsches Wörterbuch (in German), Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag

• IPA^(key): /jo/, [joː]
• Rhymes: -oː
• Homophone: Jo

• audio

  (file)

jo

1. yes

• dach

jo

1. second-person singular imperative of joen

• IPA^(key): [hʷo]

jo

1. (with following directional suffix -nno) indicates a point of origin

This postposition also infrequently occurs without -nno, in which case it is not clear whether it inflects at all and its meaning is difficult to determine.

• Cáceres, Natalia (2011) Grammaire Fonctionnelle-Typologique du Ye’kwana‎, Lyon, page 277–278

From Proto-Huitoto-Ocaina *ho.

• IPA^(key): [hɔ]

jo

1. house

• Katarzyna Izabela Wojtylak (2017) A grammar of Murui (Bue): a Witotoan language of Northwest Amazonia.‎, Townsville: James Cook University press (PhD thesis), page 127

• djo (Helgoland)
• ja (Sylt and Mooring)

Compare West Frisian hja.

jo

1. they

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

jo

1. already
2. now

• Koponen, Eino; Ruppel, Klaas; Aapala, Kirsti, editors (2002–2008) Álgu database: Etymological database of the Saami languages‎, Helsinki: Research Institute for the Languages of Finland

• Audio

  (file)

From Old Norse jaur.

jo

1. yes; in disagreement with the last speaker's negative statement.

   Du har ikke pusset tennene vel? - Jo, det har jeg.

   You haven't brushed your teeth, have you? - Yes, I have.

2. yes or no; expressing doubt. (colloquial)

   Vil du være med? - Jo...

   Do you want to join? - I'm not sure...

Ja can be interpreted as an agreement with the person replied to. Jo is used instead of ja if this agreement could cause ambiguity. In example 1, agreement with the person asking the question would be the opposite of a confirmation that one actually did brush the teeth. As such ja would be ambiguous. The answer jo removes the possibility of agreement with the speaker.

• jojo
• joda

From Old Norse gjóðr.

jo m (definite singular joen, indefinite plural joer, definite plural joene)

1. a skua, seabird of family Stercorariidae.

• storjo

• “jo” in The Bokmål Dictionary.
• “jo_1” in Det Norske Akademis ordbok (NAOB).
• “jo_2” in Det Norske Akademis ordbok (NAOB).

From Old Norse jaur.

• jau

jo

1. yes; in disagreement with the last speaker's negative statement.
2. yes or no; expressing doubt. (colloquial)

As for Bokmål above.

• jojo

From Old Norse gjóðr.

jo m (definite singular joen, indefinite plural joar, definite plural joane)

1. a skua, seabird of family Stercorariidae.

• storjo

• “jo” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

• ieu

• IPA^(key): /ʒu/, /ju/

From Old Occitan eu, from Vulgar Latin eo (attested from the 6th century in Romance), from Latin ego. Compare Catalan jo, Old French jeo.

jo

1. (Gascony) I

From Old Occitan (compare Catalan jou), from Latin jugum, iugum (compare French joug, Italian giogo), from Proto-Italic *jugom, from Proto-Indo-European *yugóm.

jo m

1. yoke

jo

1. Alternative form of je

jō

1. Alternative form of jū, accusative/dative of jī

jo

1. yes

• IPA^(key): /jɔ/
• Rhymes: -ɔ
• Syllabification: jo

From Proto-Slavic *(j)azъ.

jo

1. (dialectal) Alternative form of ja (“I”)

Borrowed from German jo.

jo

1. (colloquial or dialectal) yeah, yep

   Synonyms: tak, ano, no, hej

   Antonym: nie

• jo in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
• jo in Polish dictionaries at PWN

From Old Frisian hiā. Cognates include West Frisian hja and North Frisian jo.

• IPA^(key): /joː/
• Hyphenation: jo
• Rhymes: -oː

jo (oblique hier)

1. they

• Marron C. Fort (2015), “jo”, in Saterfriesisches Wörterbuch mit einer phonologischen und grammatischen Übersicht, Buske, →ISBN

From Proto-Slavic *(j)azъ, from Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂.

jo

1. I

• IPA^(key): /ˈxo/ [ˈxo]
• Rhymes: -o
• Syllabification: jo

¡jo!

1. stop, woah (especially when commanding a horse or imitative thereof)

• jo, jo, jo

Euphemistic clipping of joder (“fuck”).

¡jo!

1. (euphemistic) Used to express surprise, amazement, or confusion

   ¡Jo! ― I never heard anything like that before. / Are you serious? / Boy!

• “jo”, in Diccionario de la lengua española, Vigésima tercera edición, Real Academia Española, 2014

Possibly from English yo.

• Audio (Kenya)

  (file)

jo

1. (Sheng) added for emphasis to the end of a sentence

   Manze jo! ― Oh man!

From Old Norse jaur.

• IPA^(key): /juː/

jo

1. yes; used as a disagreement to a negative statement or a negatively phrased question.

   Du har inte borstat tänderna, eller hur? - Jo, det har jag.

   You haven't brushed your teeth, have you? - Yes, I have.

• Sometimes used to mean yes more generally, in a similar vein to jodå. See the usage notes for that interjection.
• Ja (yes) can be interpreted as an agreement with the person replied to. Jo is used instead of ja if this agreement could cause ambiguity. In the example above agreement with the person asking the question would be the opposite of a confirmation that one actually did brush the teeth. As such ja would be ambiguous. The answer jo removes the possibility of agreement with the speaker. In Swedish dialects spoken in northern Sweden and Finland, it is however not uncommon for the word jo to be used in place of ja in all cases, at least in spoken language.

• jodå
• jovars

• oj

From Proto-Finnic *jo.

jo

1. already

• Zajceva, N. G.; Mullonen, M. I. (2007), “уж, уже”, in Uz’ venä-vepsläine vajehnik / Novyj russko-vepsskij slovarʹ [New Russian–Veps Dictionary], Petrozavodsk: Periodika

From Proto-Finnic *jo.

• (Luuditsa, Liivtšülä) IPA^(key): /ˈʝo/, [ˈʝo]
• Rhymes: -o
• Hyphenation: jo

jo

1. already
2. (with negative) any more

jo

1. An emphatic intensifying particle.

• V. Hallap, E. Adler, S. Grünberg, M. Leppik (2012), “jo”, in Vadja keele sõnaraamat [A dictionary of the Votic language], 2 edition, Tallinn

• IPA^(key): /joː/
• (unstressed) IPA^(key): /jə/

From Old Frisian jū, from Proto-West Germanic *iwwiz, from Proto-Germanic *izwiz, dative/accusative of *jūz, from Proto-Indo-European *yū́.

jo

1. you (second person singular nominative formal pronoun)

Though it is a singular pronoun, jo takes the plural conjugation of verbs.

• “jo”, in Wurdboek fan de Fryske taal (in Dutch), 2011

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

jo

1. your (second-person singular formal possessive determiner)

• “jo”, in Wurdboek fan de Fryske taal (in Dutch), 2011

• IPA^(key): /d͡ʒó/

jó

1. (intransitive) to dance

Possibly from Proto-Yoruboid *jó or Proto-Yoruboid *d͡ʒó, cognate with Igala jó

• IPA^(key): /d͡ʒó/

jó

1. (ergative) to burn
2. (transitive) to sting; to irritate

• IPA^(key): /d͡ʒò/

jò

1. to drip