nos
English
Alternative forms
Etymology 3
Abbreviation
Noun
nos (countable and uncountable, plural noses)
- (countable) Acronym of nitrous oxide system.
- Coordinate term: NOx
- (uncountable) Abbreviation of nitrous oxide (“N₂O”).
- Synonym: nox
Aragonese
Asturian
Catalan
Etymology
From Latin nōs (“we; us”), from Proto-Italic *nōs.
Usage notes
- -nos is the full (plena) form of the pronoun. It is normally used after verbs ending with a consonant or ⟨u⟩.
- Fes-nos una visita, si us plau! ― Pay us a visit, please!
Declension
Related terms
Further reading
- “nos” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.
- “nos”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2023
- “nos” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
Cornish
Etymology 1
From Middle Cornish nos, from Old Cornish nos, either inherited from Proto-Celtic *noxs or borrowed from Latin nox. In either case, cognate with Breton noz, Welsh nos and Gaulish nox, all ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *nókʷts.
Czech
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [ˈnos]
audio (file) - Hyphenation: nos
- Rhymes: -os
Etymology 1
From Old Czech nos, from Proto-Slavic *nosъ, from Proto-Indo-European *néh₂s.
Declension
Etymology 2
See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.
Fala
Etymology 1
From Old Portuguese nos, from Latin nōs (“we; us”).
Pronoun
nos m pl or f pl
- First person plural nominative pronoun; we
- 2000, Domingo Frades Gaspar, Vamus a falal: Notas pâ coñocel y platical en nosa fala, Editora regional da Extremadura, Theme IX, Chapter 4: ¿Fala transerrana?:
- I nos, inda hoxii, con autonomía i tó siguimus idendu: “Vo pa Castilla”, […]
- And to this day we, with autonomy and everything, keep on saying: “I’ll go to Castille”, […]
-
- (Mañegu) First person plural dative and accusative pronoun; us
- 2000, Domingo Frades Gaspar, Vamus a falal: Notas pâ coñocel y platical en nosa fala, Editora regional da Extremadura, Theme II, Chapter 2: Recunquista:
- Non poemos analizar con pormenoris estis siglos, pero tampoco se debi toleral que, sin fundamentus, se poña en duda algo que a Historia documentá nos lega sobre nossa terra.
- We can’t thoroughly analyse these centuries, but one mustn’t tolerate that, unfoundedly, something documented history tells us about our land be questioned.
-
Usage notes
- In Mañegu noshotrus and noshotras are more commonly used as subject pronouns.
- Takes the form -nus when used as an object pronoun suffixed to an impersonal verb form.
See also
nominative | dative | accusative | disjunctive | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
first person | singular | ei | me, -mi | mi | ||
plural | common | nos | musL nusLV nos, -nusM |
nos | ||
masculine | noshotrusM | noshotrusM | ||||
feminine | noshotrasM | noshotrasM | ||||
second person | singular | tú | te, -ti | ti | ||
plural | common | vos | vusLV vos, -vusM |
vos | ||
masculine | voshotrusM | voshotrusM | ||||
feminine | voshotrasM | voshotrasM | ||||
third person | singular | masculine | el | le, -li | uLV, oM | el |
feminine | ela | a | ela | |||
plural | masculine | elis | usLV, osM | elis | ||
feminine | elas | as | elas | |||
reflexive | — | se, -si | sí |
Etymology 2
From Old Portuguese nos, equivalent to en (“in”) + os (masculine plural definite article).
Alternative forms
- nus (Lagarteiru, Valverdeñu)
French
Etymology
From Old French noz, probably from Latin nostros.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /no/
Audio (file) - Rhymes: -o
Determiner
nos pl
Related terms
Possessee | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | |||||
Masculine | Feminine | |||||
Possessor | Singular | First person | mon1 | ma | mes | |
Second person | ton1 | ta | tes | |||
Third person | son1 | sa | ses | |||
Plural | First person | notre | nos | |||
Second person | votre2 | vos2 | ||||
Third person | leur | leurs |
- 1 Also used before feminine adjectives and nouns beginning with a vowel or mute h.
- 2 Also used as the polite singular form.
Further reading
- “nos”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.
Galician
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /nʊs/
Etymology 2
From a mutation of os.
Usage notes
The n- forms of accusative third-person pronouns are used when the preceding word ends in -u or a diphthong, and are suffixed to the preceding word.
Etymology 3
See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.
Guinea-Bissau Creole
Etymology
From Portuguese nós. Cognate with Kabuverdianu anos.
Hungarian
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [ˈnoʃ]
Audio (file) - Hyphenation: nos
- Rhymes: -oʃ
References
- nos in Zaicz, Gábor (ed.). Etimológiai szótár: Magyar szavak és toldalékok eredete (‘Dictionary of Etymology: The origin of Hungarian words and affixes’). Budapest: Tinta Könyvkiadó, 2006, →ISBN. (See also its 2nd edition.)
Further reading
- nos in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (‘The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language’). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN
Kashubian

Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈnɔs/
- Hyphenation: nos
References
- Eùgeniusz Gòłąbk (2011), “nos”, in Słownik Polsko-Kaszubski / Słowôrz Pòlskò-Kaszëbsczi
Latin
Etymology
From Proto-Italic *nōs, from Proto-Indo-European *n̥smé.
Pronunciation
- (Classical) IPA(key): /noːs/, [noːs̠]
- (Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): /nos/, [nɔs]
Usage notes
When used in the plural genitive, nostrī is used when it is the object of an action, especially when used with a gerund or gerundive. When used in such a construction, the gerund or gerundive takes on the masculine genitive singular. Nostrum is used as a partitive genitive, used in constructions such as (one of us).
Declension
Number | Singular | Plural | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Person | First | Second | Reflexive third | Third | First | Second | Reflexive third | Third | |||||
Case / Gender | Masc./ Fem./Neut. | Masc. | Fem. | Neut. | Masc./ Fem./Neut. | Masc. | Fem. | Neut. | |||||
Nominative | ego egō |
tū | — | is | ea | id | nōs | vōs | — | eī iī |
eae | ea | |
Genitive | meī | tuī | suī | eius | nostrī nostrum |
vestrī vestrum |
suī | eōrum | eārum | eōrum | |||
Dative | mihi | tibi | sibi | eī | nōbīs | vōbīs | sibi | eīs | |||||
Accusative | mē | tē | sē sēsē |
eum | eam | id | nōs | vōs | sē sēsē |
eōs | eās | ea | |
Ablative | mē | tē | sē sēsē |
eō | eā | eō | nōbīs | vōbīs | sē sēsē |
eīs | |||
Vocative | egō | tū | — | nōs | vōs | — |
Descendants
- Aromanian: noi, noauã
- Asturian: nós, nosotros, ñós, ñosotros
- Catalan: nós, nosaltres
- Dalmatian: nu, noi, nojiltri
- Old French: nos, nous
- Middle French: nous
- French: nous, nous autres
- Middle French: nous
- Friulian: nô, noaltris
- Galician: nós, nosoutros
- Istriot: nui
- Italian: noi, noialtri
- Occitan: nos, nosautres
- Portuguese: nós
- Romanian: noi, nouă
- Romansch: nus, nous
- Sardinian: nois, noso, nosu, nos
- Sicilian: nui, nuàutri
- Old Spanish: nos
- Venetian: noi, nu, noaltri, noantri
- Walloon: nos
See also
Number | Person | Gender | Nominative | Genitive | Dative | Accusative | Ablative | Possessive |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | First | — | ego | meī | mihi | mē | meus, -a, -um | |
Second | — | tū | tuī | tibi | tē | tuus, -a, -um | ||
Reflexive third | — | — | suī | sibi | sē, sēsē | suus, -a, -um | ||
Third | Masculine | is | eius | eī | eum | eō | eius | |
Feminine | ea | eam | eā | |||||
Neuter | id | id | eō | |||||
Plural | First | — | nōs | nostrī, nostrum | nōbīs | nōs | nōbīs | noster, -tra, -trum |
Second | — | vōs | vestrī, vestrum | vōbīs | vōs | vōbīs | vester, -tra, -trum | |
Reflexive third | — | — | suī | sibi | sē, sēsē | suus, -a, -um | ||
Third | Masculine | eī, iī | eōrum | eīs | eōs | eīs | eōrum | |
Feminine | eae | eārum | eās | eārum | ||||
Neuter | ea | eōrum | ea | eōrum |
References
- “nos”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- “nos”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
- Carl Meißner; Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book, London: Macmillan and Co.
- old age creeps on us insensibly: senectus nobis obrēpit
- vague rumours reach us: dubii rumores afferuntur ad nos
- we start by presupposing that..: positum est a nobis primum (c. Acc. c. Inf.)
- we have agreed on this point: hoc convēnit inter nos
- tradition, history tells us: memoriae traditum est, memoriae (memoria) proditum est (without nobis)
- history has handed down to us: historiae prodiderunt (without nobis)
- we have no expression for that: huic rei deest apud nos vocabulum
- we are united by many mutual obligations: multa et magna inter nos officia intercedunt (Fam. 13. 65)
- we have known each other well for several years: vetus usus inter nos intercedit
- to send out colonists: colōnos mittere (Div. 1. 1. 3)
- old age creeps on us insensibly: senectus nobis obrēpit
Lombard

Alternative forms
- nus (Modern orthography)
Etymology
From Latin nucem, accusative singular of nux (“nut”), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *knew-.
Pronunciation
- (Milan) IPA(key): /nuːs/
References
- Francesco Cherubini, Vocabolario milanese-italiano, Volume 3, 1843, p. 179
Lower Sorbian
Etymology
From Proto-Slavic *nosъ, from Proto-Indo-European *néh₂s.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /nɔs/
Norwegian Bokmål
Etymology
From Old Norse nǫs, from Proto-Germanic *nasō, from Proto-Indo-European *néh₂s.
Synonyms
- (nose): nese
Norwegian Nynorsk
Etymology
From Old Norse nǫs, from Proto-Germanic *nasō, from Proto-Indo-European *néh₂s.
Synonyms
- (nose): nase
References
- “nos” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.
Occitan
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /nus/
Etymology 1
From Old Occitan [Term?], from Latin nōs.
Pronoun
nos
Old Czech
Etymology
From Proto-Slavic *nosъ, from Proto-Indo-European *néh₂s.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /nos/
Declension
singular | dual | plural | |
---|---|---|---|
nominative | nos | nosa, nosy | nosi, nosové (nosoví), nosy |
genitive | nosa, nosu | nosú (nosou) | nosóv (nosuov, nosů), nos |
dative | nosu, nosovi | nosoma, nosama | nosóm (nosuom, nosům) |
accusative | nos, nosa | nosa, nosy | nosy |
vocative | nose | nosa, nosy | nosi, nosové (nosoví), nosy |
locative | nosě (nose), nosu, nosovi | nosú (nosou) | nosiech (nosích), nosech, nosách |
instrumental | nosem | nosoma, nosama | nosy, nosmi, nosami |
Descendants
- Czech: nos
Further reading
- “nos”, in Vokabulář webový: webové hnízdo pramenů k poznání historické češtiny [online], Praha: Ústav pro jazyk český AV ČR, 2006–2023
Old French
Alternative forms
Pronoun
nos
Old Spanish
Pronoun
nos
Pronoun
nos
Descendants
- Spanish: nos
Contraction
nos
- not ... (to oneself)
- between 1140-1207, Cid, 1243-1244 :
- Myo çid don Ro en valençia esta folgando / Con el mẏnaẏa albarffanez q̃ nos le parte de so braço
- My Cid, don Rodrigo, is having a break in Valencia, with Minaya Álvar Fáñez, who does not leave (partirse) his side
- Myo çid don Ro en valençia esta folgando / Con el mẏnaẏa albarffanez q̃ nos le parte de so braço
- 1140 – 1207, Cid, 1206-1207 :
- Sonando vã ſus nue͠uas todas atodas partes / Mas le vienen a mẏo çid ſabet q̃ nos le van
- The news of him roam everywhere / But more men come to my Cid, mind you, than those who leave (irse) him
- Sonando vã ſus nue͠uas todas atodas partes / Mas le vienen a mẏo çid ſabet q̃ nos le van
Papiamentu
Etymology
From Portuguese nós and Kabuverdianu anos.
Polish
Etymology
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *nosъ, from Proto-Indo-European *néh₂s.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /nɔs/
Audio (file) - Rhymes: -ɔs
- Syllabification: nos
Declension
Portuguese
Etymology 1
From Old Portuguese nos, from Latin nōs (“we; us”), from Proto-Italic *nōs.
Pronunciation
- (Brazil) IPA(key): /nus/
- (Rio de Janeiro) IPA(key): /nuʃ/
- (Southern Brazil) IPA(key): /nos/
- (Portugal) IPA(key): /nuʃ/
- Hyphenation: nos
Pronoun
nos
- inflection of nós:
- accusative
- dative
- Ele dir-nos-ia o nome do indivíduo. (Portugal)
- He would tell us the name of the individual.
- Ele nos diria o nome do indivíduo. (Brazil)
- He would tell us the name of the individual.
Quotations
For quotations using this term, see Citations:no.
See also
Portuguese personal pronouns (edit) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | Person | Nominative (subject) |
Accusative (direct object) |
Dative (indirect object) |
Prepositional | Prepositional with com |
Non-declining | ||||||
m | f | m | f | m and f | m | f | m | f | m | f | |||
Singular | First | eu | me | mim | comigo | ||||||||
Second | tu | te | ti | contigo | você | ||||||||
o senhor | a senhora | ||||||||||||
Third | ele | ela | o (lo, no) |
a (la, na) |
lhe | ele | ela | com ele | com ela | o mesmo | a mesma | ||
se | si | consigo | |||||||||||
Plural | First | nós | nos | nós | connosco (Portugal) conosco (Brazil) |
a gente | |||||||
Second | vós | vos | vós | convosco, com vós | vocês | ||||||||
os senhores | as senhoras | ||||||||||||
Third | eles | elas | os (los, nos) |
as (las, nas) |
lhes | eles | elas | com eles | com elas | os mesmos | as mesmas | ||
se | si | consigo | |||||||||||
Indefinite | se | si | consigo |
Etymology 3
From Old Portuguese nos, clipping of enos, from en (“in”) + os (“the”).
Pronunciation
- (Brazil) IPA(key): /nus/
- (Rio de Janeiro) IPA(key): /nuʃ/
- (Southern Brazil) IPA(key): /nos/
- (Portugal) IPA(key): /nuʃ/
- Hyphenation: nos
Contraction
nos m pl
- Contraction of em os (“in the”): masculine plural of no
- 2000, J. K. Rowling, Lia Wyler, Harry Potter e o Prisioneiro de Azkaban, Rocco, page 55:
- [...] o gato ronronava feliz nos braços de Hermione.
- [...] the cat was purring happily on Hermione's arms.
- 2000, J. K. Rowling, Lia Wyler, Harry Potter e o Prisioneiro de Azkaban, Rocco, page 55:
Quotations
For quotations using this term, see Citations:no.
Pronunciation
- (Brazil) IPA(key): /nus/
- (Rio de Janeiro) IPA(key): /nuʃ/
- (Southern Brazil) IPA(key): /nos/
- (Portugal) IPA(key): /nuʃ/
- Hyphenation: nos
Pronoun
nos
Usage notes
- This form is not found in Brazilian speech.
Sardinian
Etymology
From Latin nōs, from Proto-Italic *nōs, from the oblique case forms of Proto-Indo-European *wéy (“we”).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /nos/
Serbo-Croatian
Etymology
From Proto-Slavic *nosъ, from Proto-Indo-European *néh₂s.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /nôːs/
Declension
Slovak
Etymology
From Proto-Slavic *nosъ, from Proto-Indo-European *néh₂s.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [nos]
Slovene
Etymology
From Proto-Slavic *nosъ
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /nóːs/
Inflection
Masculine inan., hard o-stem, mobile accent, plural in -ôv- | |||
---|---|---|---|
nom. sing. | nós | ||
gen. sing. | nosú | ||
singular | dual | plural | |
nominative (imenovȃlnik) |
nós | nosôva | nosôvi |
genitive (rodȋlnik) |
nosú | nosôv | nosôv |
dative (dajȃlnik) |
nósu | nosôvoma | nosôvom |
accusative (tožȋlnik) |
nós | nosôva | nosôve |
locative (mẹ̑stnik) |
nósu | nosôvih | nosôvih |
instrumental (orọ̑dnik) |
nósom | nosôvoma | nosôvi |
Masculine inan., hard o-stem | |||
---|---|---|---|
nom. sing. | nós | ||
gen. sing. | nósa | ||
singular | dual | plural | |
nominative (imenovȃlnik) |
nós | nósa | nósi |
genitive (rodȋlnik) |
nósa | nósov | nósov |
dative (dajȃlnik) |
nósu | nósoma | nósom |
accusative (tožȋlnik) |
nós | nósa | nóse |
locative (mẹ̑stnik) |
nósu | nósih | nósih |
instrumental (orọ̑dnik) |
nósom | nósoma | nósi |
Spanish
Etymology
From Old Spanish nos, from accusative Latin nōs and dative Latin nōbīs, from Proto-Italic *nōs.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /nos/ [nos]
Audio (Colombia) (file) - Rhymes: -os
- Syllabification: nos
Pronoun
nos (object pronoun)
- dative of nosotros: to us, for us
- accusative of nosotros: us
- (reflexive) reflexive of nosotros: ourselves; each other
- 1998, Roberto Bolaño, Los detectives salvajes, →ISBN, page 262:
- A eso de las cuatro de la mañana todos nos dijimos buenas noches.
- Around four in the morning, we all told each other good night.
-
- (archaic, formal) first person; I (singular, cf. vos)
See also
nominative | dative | accusative | disjunctive | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
first person | singular | yo | me | mí1 | |||
plural | masculine2 | nosotros | nos | nosotros | |||
feminine | nosotras | nosotras | |||||
second person | singular | tuteo | tú | te | ti1 | ||
voseo | vos | vos | |||||
formal3 | usted | le, se4 | lo/la5 | usted | |||
plural | familiar6 | masculine2 | vosotros | os | vosotros | ||
feminine | vosotras | vosotras | |||||
formal/general3 | ustedes | les, se4 | los/las5 | ustedes | |||
third person | singular | masculine2 | él | le, se4 | lo | él | |
feminine | ella | la | ella | ||||
neuter | ello7 | lo | ello | ||||
plural | masculine2 | ellos | les, se4 | los | ellos | ||
feminine | ellas | las | ellas | ||||
reflexive | — | se | sí1 |
- Not used with con; conmigo, contigo, and consigo are used instead, respectively
- Like other masculine Spanish words, masculine Spanish pronouns can be used when the gender of the subject is unknown or when the subject is plural and of mixed gender.
- Treated as if it were third-person for purposes of conjugation and reflexivity
- If le or les precedes lo, la, los, or las in a clause, it is replaced with se (e.g., Se lo dije instead of Le lo dije)
- Depending on the implicit gender of the object being referred to
- Used primarily in Spain
- Used only in rare circumstances
References
Further reading
- “nos”, in Diccionario de la lengua española, Vigésima tercera edición, Real Academia Española, 2014
Swedish
Etymology
From Old Norse nǫs, from Proto-Germanic *nasō, from Proto-Indo-European *néh₂s-.
Volapük
Welsh
Etymology
From Middle Welsh nos, according to Matasovic, a loanword from Latin nox (“night”), but according to Falileyev, from Old Welsh nos, from Proto-Celtic *noxt-stu-, a suffixed form of *noxs (“night”).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /noːs/
Audio (file) - Rhymes: -oːs
Derived terms
- brig y nos (“gloaming; twilight”)
- echnos (“the night before last”)
- gyda'r nos (“at night, in the evening”)
- llwydnos (“dusk, twilight”, literally “grey night”)
- nos da (“goodnight”)
- noson (“evening; night”)
- noswaith (“evening”)
- pythefnos (“fortnight”, literally “fifteen nights”)
- wythnos (“week”, literally “eight nights”)
Western Apache
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [nòs]
Usage notes
- occurs only in Dilzhe’eh (Tonto) dialect
See also
- dinos "manzanita"