V
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Translingual
Etymology
From the Etruscan letter 𐌖 (u, “u”), from the Ancient Greek letter Υ (U, “ypsilon”), derived from the Phoenician letter 𐤅 (w, “waw”), from the Egyptian hieroglyph 𓏲.
See also
Symbol
V
- The volt in the International System of Units.
- (chemistry) Symbol for vanadium.
- (biochemistry) IUPAC 1-letter abbreviation for valine
- (geometry) volume
- (set theory) Von Neumann universe
- (music) major dominant triad
- (linguistics) A wildcard for a vowel
- (Voice Quality Symbols) voice (modified for the kind of voice: 'nasal voice', 'harsh voice', etc.)
Gallery
- Letter styles
- Uppercase and lowercase versions of V, in roman and italic type
- Uppercase and lowercase V in Fraktur
See also
Other representations of V:
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English
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /viː/
Audio (US) (file) - Rhymes: -iː
Letter
See also
Noun

- (organic chemistry) The resin identification code for polyvinyl chloride, also PVC.
- (grammar) Abbreviation of vocative case.
- (linguistics) Abbreviation of verb.
- (euphemistic) Vagina.
- Abbreviation of vowel.
- Abbreviation of velocity.
- Anything shaped like a V; synonym: vee.
References
- The New Penguin Dictionary of Abbreviations: from A to zz, Rosalind Fergusson. (Penguin Books, 2000), page 390/1
Azerbaijani
Letter
V upper case (lower case v)
Basque
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ube/, [u.β̞e̞]
Letter
V (upper case, lower case v)
Usage notes
- Used chiefly in recent loanwords and foreign proper nouns.
Central Franconian
Etymology
Pronunciation
- /v/, (German-based also) /f/, /ʋ/
Letter
V
- A letter in the German-based alphabet of Central Franconian.
- A letter in the Dutch-based alphabet of Central Franconian.
Usage notes
- In the German-based spelling of Moselle Franconian, v is used instead of regular w or f only after the German cognate.
- In the German-based spelling of Ripuarian (without Aachen region), initial v is used as above, but internal v is the regular spelling for /v/.
- In Aachen and the Netherlands there is a threefold phonemic distinction between w /ʋ/, v /v/, f /f/, which the spelling reflects.
- In the German-based spelling, v is doubled after short vowels except in certain function words and when the letter is followed by another consonant within the word stem. In the syllable coda, the choice between v and f may be based on internal analogy, but more often follows the German cognate.
- In the Dutch-based spelling, v is doubled after short vowels. Coda v is automatically replaced with f.
Chinese
Pronunciation
Pronunciation 1
Letter
V
- The twenty-second letter of the Latin alphabet.
Pronunciation 2
Usage notes
- 《汉语拼音方案》 defines a standard pronunciation for each letter. However, these pronunciations are rarely used in education; another pronunciation is commonly used instead.
- The pronunciation above are only used while referring to letters in Pinyin. They are not used in other context (such as English).
- The official pronunciation defined in 《汉语拼音方案》, ㄪㄝ, uses a symbol that is obsolete in modern Mandarin. Usually w is used instead as the initial.
Usage notes
- In Hanyu Pinyin, the letter v is unused, except in spelling foreign languages, languages of minority nationalities, and some dialects, despite a conscious effort to distribute letters more evenly than in Western languages. However, the ease of typing into a computer causes the v to be sometimes used to replace ü.
Dutch
Pronunciation
- (letter name): IPA(key): /veː/
Audio (file)
Esperanto
Pronunciation
- (letter name): IPA(key): /vo/
- (phoneme): IPA(key): /v/
Audio (file)
Letter
V (upper case, lower case v)
Finnish
Letter
V (upper case, lower case v)
German
Etymology
For the origin of the letter, see v.
Germanic f was pronounced [v] in some dialects of Middle High German and was predominantly spelt v. This voicing was later reversed stem-initially in most dialects and stem-internally in some (including Standard German). In inherited words, the spelling mostly switched back to f accordingly. This always happened before l, r, u, ü, but otherwise there remains a number of relicts. These are the prefix ver-, the words Frevel, Vater, Vetter, Vieh, viel, vier, Vogel, Volk, voll, von, vor, and their derivatives.
In native German proper nouns, initial V is always /f/, but the internal pronunciation is hard to predict and differs by region. For example, it is usually /f/ in northern German placenames (e.g. Hannover, Havel, Jever), but /v/ in western ones (e.g. Grevenbroich, Leverkusen, Overath).
V was retained in words of foreign origin and its pronunciation varied. The contemporary standard is normally /v/, but always /f/ in Eva, Vau, Veilchen, Veit, Vettel, Vlies, Vogt. The words Vers, Vesper, Vize have /f/ in Germany, but usually /v/ in Austria. Both ways are de-facto standard in Evangelium, hieven, Larve, Nerven, Pulver (though dictionaries may recognise only one form or the other).
Pronunciation
- (letter name) IPA(key): /faʊ̯/
- Rhymes: -aʊ̯
Audio (file)
- (phoneme) IPA(key): /f/, /v/ (see etymology section)
Hungarian
Pronunciation
- (phoneme): IPA(key): [ˈv]
- (letter name): IPA(key): [ˈveː]
Letter
V (upper case, lower case v)
Declension
Inflection (stem in long/high vowel, front unrounded harmony) | ||
---|---|---|
singular | plural | |
nominative | V | V-k |
accusative | V-t | V-ket |
dative | V-nek | V-knek |
instrumental | V-vel | V-kkel |
causal-final | V-ért | V-kért |
translative | V-vé | V-kké |
terminative | V-ig | V-kig |
essive-formal | V-ként | V-kként |
essive-modal | — | — |
inessive | V-ben | V-kben |
superessive | V-n | V-ken |
adessive | V-nél | V-knél |
illative | V-be | V-kbe |
sublative | V-re | V-kre |
allative | V-hez | V-khez |
elative | V-ből | V-kből |
delative | V-ről | V-kről |
ablative | V-től | V-ktől |
non-attributive possessive - singular |
V-é | V-ké |
non-attributive possessive - plural |
V-éi | V-kéi |
Possessive forms of V | ||
---|---|---|
possessor | single possession | multiple possessions |
1st person sing. | V-m | V-im |
2nd person sing. | V-d | V-id |
3rd person sing. | V-je | V-i |
1st person plural | V-nk | V-ink |
2nd person plural | V-tek | V-itek |
3rd person plural | V-jük | V-ik |
See also
- (Latin-script letters) betű; A a, Á á, B b, C c, Cs cs, D d, Dz dz, Dzs dzs, E e, É é, F f, G g, Gy gy, H h, I i, Í í, J j, K k, L l, Ly ly, M m, N n, Ny ny, O o, Ó ó, Ö ö, Ő ő, P p, R r, S s, Sz sz, T t, Ty ty, U u, Ú ú, Ü ü, Ű ű, V v, Z z, Zs zs. Only in the extended alphabet: Q q W w X x Y y. Commonly used: ch. Also defined: à ë. In surnames (selection): ä aa cz ds eé eö ew oe oó th ts ÿ.
Ido
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /v/
Japanese
Synonyms
Latvian
Etymology
Proposed in 1908 as part of the new Latvian spelling by the scientific commission headed by K. Mīlenbahs, which was accepted and began to be taught in schools in 1909. Prior to that, Latvian had been written in German Fraktur, and sporadically in Cyrillic.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [v]
Malay
Pronunciation
- (Name of letter) IPA(key): [vi]
- (Phoneme, Syllable initial) IPA(key): [v]
- (Phoneme, Syllable final) IPA(key): [f]
Portuguese
Letter
V (upper case, lower case v)
Romani
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /v/
Letter
V (upper case, lower case v)
See also
- (Latin-script letters) A a, B b, C c, D d, E e, F f, G g, H h, X x, I i, J j, K k, Kh kh, L l, M m, N n, O o, P p, Ph ph, R r, S s, T t, Th th, U u, V v, Z z International Standard: (À à, Ä ä, Ǎ ǎ), Ć ć, Ćh ćh, (È è, Ë ë, Ě ě), (Ì ì, Ï ï, Ǐ ǐ), (Ò ò, Ö ö, Ǒ ǒ), Rr rr, Ś ś, (Ù ù, Ü ü, Ǔ ǔ), Ź ź, Ʒ ʒ, Q q, Ç ç, ϴ θ. Pan-Vlax: Č č, Čh čh, Dž dž, (Dź dź), Ř ř, Š š, (Ś ś), Ž ž, (Ź ź).
Russian

Etymology
Derived from восток (vostok, “east, eastern Ukraine”). Like the Z sign, the V sign was initially used for vehicles targeted towards Kyiv, and later popularised by the Russian government on social media as a rallying symbol.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [vɛ]
Symbol
V (lower case v)
- the Roman letter V, v
- Synonym: вэ (vɛ)
- (The addition of quotations indicative of this usage is being sought:) (politics) a dogwhistle for supporting the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
- #силаVправде (hashtag using V by Russian nationalists in support for war against Ukraine)
- #silaVpravde
- "our strength is in truth"
Usage notes
Russian nationalists replace instances of the Cyrillic letter В (V) with Roman V in some words and usernames.
Slovene
Letter
V (capital, lowercase v)
- The 23rd letter of the Slovene alphabet. Preceded by U and followed by Z.
Spanish
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈube/ [ˈu.β̞e]
- Rhymes: -ube
Swedish
Turkish
Letter
V (upper case, lower case v)
Vietnamese
Pronunciation
- (Hà Nội) IPA(key): [ve˧˧], [vəː˨˩]
- (Huế) IPA(key): [vej˧˧], [vəː˦˩]
- (Hồ Chí Minh City) IPA(key): [vej˧˧], [vəː˨˩] ~ [jej˧˧], [jəː˨˩]
- Phonetic: vê, vờ
Letter
V (upper case, lower case v)
See also
- (Quốc ngữ letters) chữ cái; A a (À à, Ả ả, Ã ã, Á á, Ạ ạ), Ă ă (Ằ ằ, Ẳ ẳ, Ẵ ẵ, Ắ ắ, Ặ ặ), Â â (Ầ ầ, Ẩ ẩ, Ẫ ẫ, Ấ ấ, Ậ ậ), B b, C c (Ch ch), D d, Đ đ, E e (È è, Ẻ ẻ, Ẽ ẽ, É é, Ẹ ẹ), Ê ê (Ề ề, Ể ể, Ễ ễ, Ế ế, Ệ ệ), G g (Gh gh, Gi gi), H h, I i (Ì ì, Ỉ ỉ, Ĩ ĩ, Í í, Ị ị), K k (Kh kh), L l, M m, N n (Ng ng, Ngh ngh, Nh nh), O o (Ò ò, Ỏ ỏ, Õ õ, Ó ó, Ọ ọ), Ô ô (Ồ ồ, Ổ ổ, Ỗ ỗ, Ố ố, Ộ ộ), Ơ ơ (Ờ ờ, Ở ở, Ỡ ỡ, Ớ ớ, Ợ ợ), P p (Ph ph), Q q (Qu qu), R r, S s, T t (Th th, Tr tr), U u (Ù ù, Ủ ủ, Ũ ũ, Ú ú, Ụ ụ), Ư ư (Ừ ừ, Ử ử, Ữ ữ, Ứ ứ, Ự ự), V v, X x, Y y (Ỳ ỳ, Ỷ ỷ, Ỹ ỹ, Ý ý, Ỵ ỵ)
Zulu
Letter
V (upper case, lower case v)