G
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Translingual
Etymology
From a modification of the Latin letter C (“ce”), from the Etruscan letter 𐌂 (c, “ce”), from the Ancient Greek letter Γ (G, “gamma”), derived from the Phoenician letter 𐤂 (g, “giml”), from the Egyptian hieroglyph 𓌙.
See also
Symbol
G
- (metrology) giga-.
- gauss.
- (biochemistry) glycine, a natural amino acid.
- (biochemistry) Any of the nucleotides guanodine, nucleoside guanosine, or nucleobase guanine, which are components of DNA.
- (physics) The gravitational constant in the formula F = Gm1m2/r2; sometimes called "big G" to distinguish from g for the acceleration of gravity.
- (linguistics) A wildcard for a glide or semivowel
- (clothing) Bra cup size.
Gallery
- Letter styles
- Uppercase and lowercase versions of G, in normal and italic type
- Uppercase and lowercase G in Fraktur
English
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /dʒiː/
Audio (UK) (file) - Rhymes: -iː
Letter
G (upper case, lower case g, plural Gs or G's)
- The seventh letter of the English alphabet, called gee and written in the Latin script.
- 1945 August 17, George Orwell [pseudonym; Eric Arthur Blair], chapter 3, in Animal Farm […], London: Secker & Warburg, OCLC 3655473:
- On several occasions, indeed, he did learn E, F, G, H, but by the time he knew them, it was always discovered that he had forgotten A, B, C, and D.
-
See also
Number
G (upper case, lower case g)
Noun
G (countable and uncountable, plural Gs)
- (sports, baseball) Games (the statistic reporting the number of games that a player has participated in).
- (US, politics) Green.
- (US, of a movie) General (suitable for a general audience).
- (sports) Goals (a sports statistic).
- Ground floor (of a building).
- A galaxy.
- gravity
- (chiefly US) Grand (thousand dollars).
- 1994, Juicy (Hip Hop), spoken by The Notorious B.I.G., 2:40 from the start:
- Super Nintendo, Sega Genesis
When I was dead broke, man, I couldn't picture this
50-inch screen, money-green leather sofa
Got two rides, a limousine with a chauffeur
Phone bill about two G's flat
No need to worry, my accountant handles that
And my whole crew is loungin'
Celebratin' every day, no more public housin'
- 2005, Jordan Houston, Darnell Carlton, Paul Beauregard, Premro Smith, Marlon Goodwin, David Brown, and Willie Hutchinson (lyrics), “Stay Fly”, in Most Known Unknown, Sony BMG, performed by Three 6 Mafia (featuring Young Buck, 8 Ball, and MJG):
- Just really want to smoke my weed, fuck these hoes, and stack my Gs.
- 2010, Gloria Campisi, "Psychologist sues city for 100G, alleging beating by cop earlier this year", Philadelphia Inquirer, 9 September 2010:
- Psychologist sues city for 100G, alleging beating by cop earlier this year
-
- (grammar) Abbreviation of genitive case.
- (UK, education) The academic grade that comes next below F.
- (slang) A gangster; often used to address one's friend.
- 1995 August 1, “Gangsta's Paradise”, in Gangsta's Paradise, performed by Coolio, Kylian Mash:
- I'm the kinda G the little homies wanna be like / On my knees in the night, sayin' prayers in the streetlight
- (economics) Abbreviation for Government Spending.
- Alternative letter-case form of g (unit of gravitational acceleration).
- (drug slang) Short for gamma-hydroxybutyrate.
- (obsolete, chemistry) glucinum.
Alternative forms
Afar
Letter
G
- The fourteenth letter in the Afar alphabet.
Angami
Azerbaijani
Letter
G upper case (lower case g)
Central Franconian
Etymology
- /ɡ/ is from West Germanic stem-initial *g in most of Moselle Franconian; from *gg in Ripuarian and northernmost Moselle Franconian; in much of Ripuarian from *d, *þ after long high vowels.
- For the origin of /j/, see J. /ɣ/ replaces the former after back vowels.
Pronunciation
- /ɡ/, /ɣ/, /j/, (coda respectively) [k], [x], [ɕ]
Letter
G
- A letter in the German-based alphabet of Central Franconian.
- A letter in the Dutch-based alphabet of Central Franconian.
Usage notes
- In the spelling of the Colognian Academy (Akademie för uns kölsche Sproch), any West Germanic or otherwise underyling *g is spelt g regardless of the pronunciation, except that ck is used for [k] in the syllable coda.
- In the popular German-based spelling, the sounds [ɣ] and [ɡ] are spelt g. The other sounds are represented by j [j] and ch [ɕ], [x] (except sometimes in unstressed ig for [iɕ]). In the coda, ck or rarely gg may be used for [k].
- In the Dutch-based spelling, [j] is j, [ɡ] is gk, coda [k] is k. The other sounds are spelt g.
- In the German-based spelling, g [ɡ] is always doubled after short vowels. However, g for any other sound is never doubled according the Colognian Academy. In the popular system, g for [ɣ] may be doubled after short vowels or not.
- In the Dutch-based spelling, g is regularly doubled after short vowels if the syllable were otherwise open.
Chinese
Pronunciation
Related terms
- M (“megabyte”)
References
Pronunciation 1
Letter
G
- The seventh letter of the Latin alphabet.
Pronunciation 2
Usage notes
- 《汉语拼音方案》 defines a standard pronunciation for each letter. However, these pronunciations are rarely used in education; another pronunciation is commonly used instead.
- The pronunciation above are only used while referring to letters in Pinyin. They are not used in other context (such as English).
Dutch
Pronunciation
- (letter name): IPA(key): /xeː/
Audio (file)
Esperanto
Pronunciation
- (letter name): IPA(key): /ɡo/
- (phoneme): IPA(key): /ɡ/
Audio (file)
Letter
G (upper case, lower case g)
Estonian
Letter
G (upper case, lower case g)
German
Pronunciation
- (letter name) IPA(key): /ɡeː/
- (phoneme) IPA(key): /ɡ/, (coda) /k/, /ç/, /x/
- In Standard German proper, ‹g› in the syllable coda is pronounced [k] except for the unstressed syllable ig, which becomes [ɪç]. In southern Germany, Austria, Switzerland, and South Tyrol, [ɪk] is often heard in the latter case, too. In northern and central Germany, conversely, coda ‹g› is traditionally always pronounced like ‹ch›, thus as fricative [ç], [x~χ]. Many speakers have now adapted to the standard or mix both ways, e.g. restricting the fricative (outside of ig) to some of the commonest words. Those who still use it generally, may nevertheless switch to [k] in enunciation or when reading out.
- Fricative realisations [j~ʝ~ʒ] and [x~ɣ~ʁ] also occur syllable-initially in various regions, but these are now clearly marked as dialectal.
Hungarian
Pronunciation
- (phoneme): IPA(key): [ˈɡ]
- (letter name): IPA(key): [ˈɡeː]
Audio (file)
Letter
G (upper case, lower case g)
Declension
Inflection (stem in long/high vowel, front unrounded harmony) | ||
---|---|---|
singular | plural | |
nominative | G | G-k |
accusative | G-t | G-ket |
dative | G-nek | G-knek |
instrumental | G-vel | G-kkel |
causal-final | G-ért | G-kért |
translative | G-vé | G-kké |
terminative | G-ig | G-kig |
essive-formal | G-ként | G-kként |
essive-modal | — | — |
inessive | G-ben | G-kben |
superessive | G-n | G-ken |
adessive | G-nél | G-knél |
illative | G-be | G-kbe |
sublative | G-re | G-kre |
allative | G-hez | G-khez |
elative | G-ből | G-kből |
delative | G-ről | G-kről |
ablative | G-től | G-ktől |
non-attributive possessive - singular |
G-é | G-ké |
non-attributive possessive - plural |
G-éi | G-kéi |
Possessive forms of G | ||
---|---|---|
possessor | single possession | multiple possessions |
1st person sing. | G-m | G-im |
2nd person sing. | G-d | G-id |
3rd person sing. | G-je | G-i |
1st person plural | G-nk | G-ink |
2nd person plural | G-tek | G-itek |
3rd person plural | G-jük | G-ik |
Derived terms
See also
- (Latin-script letters) betű; A a, Á á, B b, C c, Cs cs, D d, Dz dz, Dzs dzs, E e, É é, F f, G g, Gy gy, H h, I i, Í í, J j, K k, L l, Ly ly, M m, N n, Ny ny, O o, Ó ó, Ö ö, Ő ő, P p, R r, S s, Sz sz, T t, Ty ty, U u, Ú ú, Ü ü, Ű ű, V v, Z z, Zs zs. Only in the extended alphabet: Q q W w X x Y y. Commonly used: ch. Also defined: à ë. In surnames (selection): ä aa cz ds eé eö ew oe oó th ts ÿ.
Ido
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ɡ/
Indonesian
Letter
G (upper case, lower case g)
Italian
Pronunciation
- (letter name) IPA(key): **/ˈd͡ʒi/*
- Rhymes: -i
- (phonemic realization) IPA(key): /ɡ/
- (phonemic realization before e or i) IPA(key): /d͡ʒ/
Letter
G f or m (invariable, upper case, lower case g)
Japanese
Etymology 2
Initial of ゴキブリ (gokiburi).
Latvian
Etymology
Proposed in 1908 as part of the new Latvian spelling by the scientific commission headed by K. Mīlenbahs, which was accepted and began to be taught in schools in 1909. Prior to that, Latvian had been written in German Fraktur, and sporadically in Cyrillic.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [ɡ]
(file) |
Malay
Pronunciation
- (Name of letter) IPA(key): [d͡ʒi]
- (Phoneme, Syllable initial) IPA(key): [ɡ]
- (Phoneme, Syllable final) IPA(key): [k̚]
Norwegian Bokmål
Norwegian Nynorsk
Portuguese
Letter
G (upper case, lower case g)
Romani
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ɡ/
Letter
G (upper case, lower case g)
See also
- (Latin-script letters) A a, B b, C c, D d, E e, F f, G g, H h, X x, I i, J j, K k, Kh kh, L l, M m, N n, O o, P p, Ph ph, R r, S s, T t, Th th, U u, V v, Z z International Standard: (À à, Ä ä, Ǎ ǎ), Ć ć, Ćh ćh, (È è, Ë ë, Ě ě), (Ì ì, Ï ï, Ǐ ǐ), (Ò ò, Ö ö, Ǒ ǒ), Rr rr, Ś ś, (Ù ù, Ü ü, Ǔ ǔ), Ź ź, Ʒ ʒ, Q q, Ç ç, ϴ θ. Pan-Vlax: Č č, Čh čh, Dž dž, (Dź dź), Ř ř, Š š, (Ś ś), Ž ž, (Ź ź).
Romanian
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ɡ/, /dʒ/
Letter
G (upper case, lower case g)
Skolt Sami
Pronunciation
- (phoneme) IPA(key): /ɡ/
Slovene
Etymology
From Gaj's Latin alphabet G, from Czech alphabet G, from Latin G, from a modification of the Latin letter C (“ce”), from the Etruscan letter 𐌂 (c, “ce”), from the Ancient Greek letter Γ (G, “gamma”), derived from the Phoenician letter 𐤂 (g, “giml”), from the Egyptian hieroglyph 𓌙. Pronunciation as /ɡə/ is initial Slovene (phoneme plus a fill vowel) and the second pronunciation is probably taken from German G.
Pronunciation
- Phoneme
• (Standard Slovene, tonal) IPA(key): /ɡ/, [k], SNPT: /g/, [k] |
• (colloquial): IPA(key): /ɡ/, [k], [x], SNPT: /g/, [k], [h] • (Most Littoral and Rovte dialects, part of Upper Carniolan dialects) IPA(key): /ɣ/, [x], SNPT: /ɣ/, [h] |
Note:different distinctions and accent shifts do not necessarily exclude other and most of them exist in both tonal and non-tonal Slovene.
- Letter name
• (Standard Slovene, tonal) IPA(key): [ˈɡə̂], [ˈɡêː], [ˈɡěː], SNPT: [gə̏], [gẹ̄] • (Standard Slovene, non-tonal) IPA(key): [ˈɡə], [ˈɡeː], SNPT: [gə̀], [gé],
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• (Most Littoral and Rovte dialects, part of Upper Carniolan dialects) IPA(key): [ˈɣə̂], [ˈɣêː], [ˈɣěː], SNPT: [ɣə̏], [ɣẹ̄],
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Note:different distinctions and accent shifts do not necessarily exclude other and most of them exist in both tonal and non-tonal Slovene.
• Rhymes: -ə, -eː (ə̀, é) (non-tonal)
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Letter
G (upper case, lower case g)
Inflection
- Overall more common
First masculine declension (soft o-stem, inanimate) , fixed accent, -j- infix | |||
---|---|---|---|
nom. sing. | G | ||
gen. sing. | G-ja | ||
singular | dual | plural | |
nominative imenovȃlnik |
G | G-ja | G-ji |
genitive rodȋlnik |
G-ja | G-jev | G-jev |
dative dajȃlnik |
G-ju, G-ji | G-jema | G-jem |
accusative tožȋlnik |
G | G-ja | G-je |
locative mẹ̑stnik |
G-ju, G-ji | G-jih | G-jih |
instrumental orọ̑dnik |
G-jem | G-jema | G-ji |
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik) |
G | G-ja | G-ji |
- More common when with a definite adjective
Third masculine declension (no endings) , fixed accent | |||
---|---|---|---|
nom. sing. | G | ||
gen. sing. | G | ||
singular | dual | plural | |
nominative imenovȃlnik |
G | G | G |
genitive rodȋlnik |
G | G | G |
dative dajȃlnik |
G | G | G |
accusative tožȋlnik |
G | G | G |
locative mẹ̑stnik |
G | G | G |
instrumental orọ̑dnik |
G | G | G |
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik) |
G | G | G |
- Dialectal, in common written language used till 19th century
First masculine declension (hard o-stem, inanimate) , -j- infix | |||
---|---|---|---|
nom. sing. | G | ||
gen. sing. | G-ja | ||
singular | dual | plural | |
nominative imenovȃlnik |
G | G-ja | G-ji |
genitive rodȋlnik |
G-ja | G-jov | G-jov |
dative dajȃlnik |
G-ju, G-ji | G-joma | G-jom |
accusative tožȋlnik |
G | G-ja | G-je |
locative mẹ̑stnik |
G-ju, G-ji | G-jih | G-jih |
instrumental orọ̑dnik |
G-jom | G-joma | G-ji |
(vocative) (ogȏvorni imenovȃlnik) |
G | G-ja | G-ji |
Derived terms
- Ǵ
- Ǧ
See also
Spanish
Derived terms
Turkish
Pronunciation
- (phoneme): IPA(key): /ɡ/, /ɟ/
- (letter name): IPA(key): /ɟeː/
Letter
G (upper case, lower case g)
Vietnamese
Pronunciation
- (Hà Nội) IPA(key): [ɣəː˨˩], [ze˧˧]
- (Huế) IPA(key): [ɣəː˦˩], [jej˧˧]
- (Hồ Chí Minh City) IPA(key): [ɣəː˨˩], [jej˧˧]
- Phonetic: gờ, giê
Letter
G (upper case, lower case g)
See also
- (Quốc ngữ letters) chữ cái; A a (À à, Ả ả, Ã ã, Á á, Ạ ạ), Ă ă (Ằ ằ, Ẳ ẳ, Ẵ ẵ, Ắ ắ, Ặ ặ), Â â (Ầ ầ, Ẩ ẩ, Ẫ ẫ, Ấ ấ, Ậ ậ), B b, C c (Ch ch), D d, Đ đ, E e (È è, Ẻ ẻ, Ẽ ẽ, É é, Ẹ ẹ), Ê ê (Ề ề, Ể ể, Ễ ễ, Ế ế, Ệ ệ), G g (Gh gh, Gi gi), H h, I i (Ì ì, Ỉ ỉ, Ĩ ĩ, Í í, Ị ị), K k (Kh kh), L l, M m, N n (Ng ng, Ngh ngh, Nh nh), O o (Ò ò, Ỏ ỏ, Õ õ, Ó ó, Ọ ọ), Ô ô (Ồ ồ, Ổ ổ, Ỗ ỗ, Ố ố, Ộ ộ), Ơ ơ (Ờ ờ, Ở ở, Ỡ ỡ, Ớ ớ, Ợ ợ), P p (Ph ph), Q q (Qu qu), R r, S s, T t (Th th, Tr tr), U u (Ù ù, Ủ ủ, Ũ ũ, Ú ú, Ụ ụ), Ư ư (Ừ ừ, Ử ử, Ữ ữ, Ứ ứ, Ự ự), V v, X x, Y y (Ỳ ỳ, Ỷ ỷ, Ỹ ỹ, Ý ý, Ỵ ỵ)
Welsh
Pronunciation
- (standard) IPA(key): /ɛɡ/
- (informal) IPA(key): /ɡə/
Letter
G (upper case, lower case g)
Mutation
- G at the beginning of words is omitted in a soft mutation, mutates to Ng in a nasal mutation and is unchanged by aspirate mutation, for example with the word Gwynedd (“Gwynedd”):
Welsh mutation | |||
---|---|---|---|
radical | soft | nasal | aspirate |
Gwynedd | Wynedd | Ngwynedd | unchanged |
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. |
See also
- (Latin-script letters) llythyren; A a (Á á, À à, Â â, Ä ä), B b, C c, Ch ch, D d, Dd dd, E e (É é, È è, Ê ê, Ë ë), F f, Ff ff, G g, Ng ng, H h, I i (Í í, Ì ì, Î î, Ï ï), J j, L l, Ll ll, M m, N n, O o (Ó ó, Ò ò, Ô ô, Ö ö), P p, Ph ph, R r, Rh rh, S s, T t, Th th, U u (Ú ú, Ù ù, Û û, Ü ü), W w (Ẃ ẃ, Ẁ ẁ, Ŵ ŵ, Ẅ ẅ), Y y (Ý ý, Ỳ ỳ, Ŷ ŷ, Ÿ ÿ)
Further reading
- R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “G”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
Yoruba
Letter
G (upper case, lower case g)
See also
- (Latin-script letters) lẹ́tà; A a (Á á, À à, Ā ā), B b, D d, E e (É é, È è, Ē ē), Ẹ ẹ (Ẹ́ ẹ́, Ẹ̀ ẹ̀, Ẹ̄ ẹ̄), F f, G g, Gb gb, H h, I i (Í í, Ì ì, Ī ī), J j, K k, L l, M m (Ḿ ḿ, M̀ m̀, M̄ m̄), N n (Ń ń, Ǹ ǹ, N̄ n̄), O o (Ó ó, Ò ò, Ō ō), Ọ ọ (Ọ́ ọ́, Ọ̀ ọ̀, Ọ̄ ọ̄), P p, R r, S s, Ṣ ṣ, T t, U u (Ú ú, Ù ù, Ū ū), W w, Y y
- As used in Benin: (Latin-script letters) lɛ́tà; A a, B b, D d, E e, Ɛ ɛ, F f, G g, Gb gb, H h, I i, J j, K k, Kp kp, L l, M m, N n, O o, Ɔ ɔ, P p, R r, S s, Sh sh, T t, U u, W w, Y y
Zulu
Letter
G (upper case, lower case g)