'm

See also: Appendix:Variations of "m"

English

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /əm/, /m̩/ or, next to a vowel, sometimes /m/

Etymology 1

Contraction of am.

Verb

’m (clitic)

  1. Am, used especially in I'm.
    • 2008, Elizabeth George, Playing for the Ashes, Bantam, →ISBN, page 158:
      “So how'm I not good?”
  2. (dialect) Various forms of be.
    • 1874, Frances Mary Peard, Thorpe Regis
      You'm no better than a baby when they've clacketed at ye for an hour or two without a word of sense from beginnin' to end.
    • 1962, John Le Carre, A Murder of Quality:
      "He'm a bad one. Ooh, he'm a bad one, Mister," and she laughed softly. "I seed 'im flying, riding on the wind," she laughed again, "and the moon be'ind 'im, lightin' up the way. They'm close as sisters, moon and Devil."
    • 2016, Alan Moore, Jerusalem, Liveright 2016, page 180:
      “Ah, it's a wonder we’m got two sticks to us name, with all that plunder what youm 'ad already.”
See also

Etymology 2

Contraction of madam/ma'am.

Noun

’m

  1. Represents the word madam or ma'am when used as a formal address of a female; as in yes'm and no'm.

Bavarian

Etymology

Merged unstressed form of am and em or dem.

Article

'm m or n

  1. a (dative)
  2. the (dative)

See also
Bavarian articles
m n f pl
stressed unstressed stressed unstressed stressed unstressed stressed unstressed
definite nominative der, da — das, es, des 's de d' de d'
accusative en, den 'n
dative em, dem 'm em, dem 'm der, da —
genitive1 des des der, da der, da
indefinite nominative a — a — a —
accusative an 'n
dative am 'm am 'm a, ana 'na
1) higher, formal register

Catalan

Pronoun

'm

  1. Contraction of me.

Usage notes
  • 'm is the reduced (reduïda) form of the pronoun. It is used after verbs ending with a vowel.
    Truca'm. ― Call me.

Declension
Catalan personal pronouns and clitics
strong/subject weak (direct object) weak (indirect object) possessive
singular proclitic enclitic proclitic enclitic
1st person jo, mi3 em, m’ -me, ’m em, m’ -me, ’m meu
1st person majestic1 nós ens -nos, ’ns ens -nos, ’ns nostre
2nd person tu et, t’ -te, ’t et, t’ -te, ’t teu
2nd person formal1 vós us -vos, -us us -vos, -us vostre
2nd person very formal2 vostè el, l’ -lo, ’l li -li seu
3rd person masculine ell el, l’ -lo, ’l li -li seu
3rd person feminine ella la, l’4 -la li -li seu
3rd person neuter ho -ho li -li seu
3rd person reflexive si es, s’ -se, ’s es, s’ -se, ’s seu
plural
1st person nosaltres ens -nos, ’ns ens -nos, ’ns nostre
2nd person vosaltres us -vos, -us us -vos, -us vostre
2nd person formal2 vostès els -los, ’ls els -los, ’ls seu
3rd person masculine ells els -los, ’ls els -los, ’ls seu
3rd person feminine elles les -les els -los, ’ls seu
3rd person reflexive si es, s’ -se, ’s es, s’ -se, ’s seu
adverbial
ablative/genitive en, n’ -ne, ’n
locative hi -hi
1) Behaves grammatically as plural.
2) Behaves grammatically as third person.		 3) Only as object of a preposition.
4) Not before unstressed (h)i-, (h)u-.

Cornish

Determiner

'm

  1. my

Pronoun

'm

  1. me

Dutch

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /əm/
  • Audio(file)

Pronoun

'm

  1. Contracted form of hem
    Hij heeft 'm neergeschoten.
    He shot him.

Declension
Dutch personal pronouns
subject object possessive reflexive genitive5
singular full unstr. full unstr. full unstr. pred.
1st person ik 'k1 mij me mijn m'n1 mijne me mijner, mijns
2nd person jij je jou je jouw je jouwe je jouwer, jouws
2nd person archaic or regiolectal gij ge u – uw – uwe u uwer, uws
2nd person formal u – u – uw – uwe zich uwer, uws
3rd person masculine hij ie1 hem 'm1 zijn z'n1 zijne zich zijner, zijns
3rd person feminine zij ze haar h'r1, 'r1, d'r1 haar h'r1, 'r1, d'r1 hare zich harer, haars
3rd person neuter het 't1 het 't1 zijn z'n1 zijne zich zijner, zijns
plural
1st person wij we ons – ons, onze2 – onze ons onzer, onzes
2nd person jullie je jullie je jullie je – je –
2nd person archaic or regiolectal6 gij ge u – uw – uwe u uwer, uws
2nd person formal u – u – uw – uwe zich uwer, uws
3rd person zij ze hen3, hun4 ze hun – hunne zich hunner, huns
1) Not as common in written language.
2) Inflected as an adjective.
3) In prescriptivist use, used only as direct object (accusative).
4) In prescriptivist use, used only as indirect object (dative).		 5) Archaic. Nowadays used for formal, literary or poetic purposes, and in fixed expressions.
6) To differentiate from the singular gij, and in a similar vein to "you lot" or "you guys" in English, it is common to use gijlui ("you people") or gijlieden ("you people") or one of their contracted variants, and their corresponding objects, possessives and reflexives, in the plural.

Welsh

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /m/

Determiner

'm

  1. (literary) my (triggers h-prothesis of a following vowel)
    Rwy'n myned yn ôl adref i’m hannwyl famwlad.
    I am going back home to my dear homeland.

Pronoun

'm

  1. (literary) me (used after vowels as the direct object of a verb; triggers h-prothesis of a following vowel)
    Dywed na’m hadwaenai.
    He/She says that he/she would not recognise me.
    Fe’m ganed i deulu di-Gymraeg.
    I was born (lit. "One gave birth to me") into a non-Welsh-speaking family.

Particle

'm

  1. (colloquial) not
    Dwyt ti’m yn cofio Macsen.
    You don’t remember Macsen.

Usage notes
  • The determiner can be considered a "contraction" of fy used after mostly functional vowel-final words.
  • The pronoun occurs after certain vowel-final preverbal particles, such as fe, a, ni, na, oni and pe.
  • The particle is a contraction of dim.

Further reading
  • R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “'m”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
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