dir
Asturian
Etymology
From Latin īre, present active infinitive of eō; the forms beginning with V from corresponding forms of vādō; the forms beginning with F from the corresponding forms of sum.
Conjugation
infinitive | dir | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gerundive | diendo | ||||||
participle | m diú, f día, n dío, m pl díos, f pl díes | ||||||
person | first singular yo |
second singular tu |
third singular él/elli |
first plural nosotros/nós |
second plural vosotros/vós |
third plural ellos | |
indicative | present | vo/voi | vas | va | vamos | vais | van |
preterite imperfect | diba | dibes | diba | díbamos/díbemos | dibais/dibeis | diben | |
preterite indefinite | fui | fosti/fuesti/fuisti | fo/foi | fomos/fuemos/fuimos | fostis/fuestis/fuistis | foron/fueron | |
pluperfect | fora/fore/fuera/fuere | foras/fores/fueras/fueres | fora/fore/fuera/fuere | fóramos/fóremos/fuéramos/fuéremos | forais/foreis/fuerais/fuereis | foran/foren/fueran/fueren | |
subjunctive | present | fora/vaiga/vaya | foras/vaigas/vayas | fora/vaiga/vaya | vaigamos/vayamos | vaigáis/vayáis | foran/vaigan/vayan |
preterite imperfect | fora/fore/fuera/fuere | foras/fores/fueras/fueres | fora/fore/fuera/fuere | fóramos/fóremos/fuéramos/fuéremos | forais/foreis/fuerais/fuereis | foran/foren/fueran/fueren | |
potential | future | diré | dirás | dirá | diremos | diréis | dirán |
conditional | diría | diríes | diría | diríamos/diríemos | diríais/diríeis | diríen | |
imperative | ve | díi |
From http://ast.oslin.org/index.php?action=lemma&lemma=17232.
Bavarian
Catalan
Etymology
From Latin dīcere, present active infinitive of dīcō, from Proto-Italic *deikō, from Proto-Indo-European *déyḱti (“to show, point out”). Compare Occitan dire or díser, French dire, and Spanish decir.
Conjugation
infinitive | dir | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
present participle | dient | ||||||
past participle | masculine | feminine | |||||
singular | dit | dita | |||||
plural | dits | dites | |||||
person | singular | plural | |||||
first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
indicative | jo | tu | ell/ella vostè |
nosaltres nós |
vosaltres vós |
ells/elles vostès | |
present | dic | dius | diu | diem | dieu | diuen | |
imperfect | deia | deies | deia | dèiem | dèieu | deien | |
future | diré | diràs | dirà | direm | direu | diran | |
preterite | diguí | digueres | digué | diguérem | diguéreu | digueren | |
conditional | diria | diries | diria | diríem | diríeu | dirien | |
subjunctive | jo | tu | ell/ella vostè |
nosaltres nós |
vosaltres vós |
ells/elles vostès | |
present | digui | diguis | digui | diguem | digueu | diguin | |
imperfect | digués | diguessis | digués | diguéssim | diguéssiu | diguessin | |
imperative | — | tu | vostè | nosaltres | vosaltres vós |
vostès | |
— | digues | digui | diguem | digueu | diguin |
Balearic has deis as the second-person plural present indicative form. This is similar to French dire having dites as the standard form instead of the expected disez, and contemporary Italian dire having dite as the standard form in place of the expected dicete.
Further reading
- “dir” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
- “dir”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2023
- “dir” in Diccionari normatiu valencià, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua.
- “dir” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.
German
Alternative forms
Etymology
From Middle High German dir, from Old High German dir, from Proto-West Germanic *þiʀ, from Proto-Germanic *þiz.
Pronunciation
- (standard) IPA(key): /diːɐ̯/
audio (file) - Rhymes: -iːɐ̯
- (colloquially in unstressed position) IPA(key): /dɐ/, /də/
Haitian Creole
Verb
dir
- (Saint-Domingue) to say, to tell
- Mo prié vou tant seulement vou pas dir personne à rien. ― I just ask that you don't tell anyone a thing.
Descendants
- Haitian Creole: di
References
- S.J Ducoeurjoly, Manuel des habitans de Saint-Domingue, contenant un précis de l'histoire de cette île
Italian
Luxembourgish
Alternative forms
- der (unstressed)
Etymology 1
From Old High German dir.
Pronoun
dir
Etymology 2
From Old High German ir. The d- is through unetymological segmentation of the ending -t of a preceding verb (*stitt ir → *stiddir → stitt dir). This development was assisted by a parallelism with the 1st person, in which the dative singular mir is also the nominative plural (this latter development occurred for a similar reason, but was earlier and is widespread throughout High German).
Pronoun
dir
Derived terms
- Dir (singular and plural polite form)
Declension
nominative | accusative | dative | reflexive | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
str. | unstr. | str. | unstr. | str. | unstr. | ||||
1st person singular | ech | — | mech | — | mir | mer | like dat. and acc. | ||
2nd person singular (informal) |
du | de | dech | — | dir | der | like dat. and acc. | ||
2nd person singular (formal) |
Dir | Der | Iech | Iech [əɕ] | Iech | Iech [əɕ] | Iech | ||
3rd person singular | m | hien | en | hien | en | him | em | sech | |
f | si | se | si | se | hir | er | sech | ||
n | hatt | et ('t) | hatt | et ('t) | him | em | sech | ||
1st person plural | mir | mer | eis (ons) | — | eis (ons) | — | eis (ons) | ||
2nd person plural | dir | der | iech | iech [əɕ] | iech | iech [əɕ] | iech | ||
3rd person plural | si | se | si | se | hinnen | en | sech |
Pennsylvania German
Etymology
From Middle High German dir, from Old High German dir, from Proto-West Germanic *þiʀ, from Proto-Germanic *þiz. Compare German dir.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /diːɐ̯/
Declension
Nominative | Accusative | Dative | |
---|---|---|---|
1st - Singular | ich | mich | mir mer (unstressed) |
2nd - Singular | du de (unstressed) |
dich | dir der (unstressed) |
3rd - Singular Masculine | er | ihn en (unstressed) |
ihm em (unstressed) |
3rd - Singular Feminine | sie se (unstressed) |
sie se (unstressed) |
ihre re (unstressed) |
3rd - Singular Neuter | es | es | ihm em (unstressed) |
1st - Plural | mir mer (unstressed) |
uns | uns |
2nd - Plural | dihr der (unstressed) |
eich | eich |
3rd - Plural | sie | sie | ihne ne (unstressed) |
2nd - Polite | Sie | Sie | Ihne Ne (unstressed) |
Romansch
Etymology 2
From a contraction of Latin dīcō, dīcere, from Proto-Italic *deikō, from Proto-Indo-European *deyḱ- (“to show, point out”). The origin of some forms starting with sch- likely result from regular elisions of unstressed syllables: dīcēbam → *dcéβa → scheva.
Conjugation
infinitive | dir | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gerund | schend | |||||
past participle | ditg | |||||
singular | plural | |||||
1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | |
indicative | jeu | ti | el/ella | nus | vus | els/ellas |
present | di | dis | di | schain | schais | din |
imperfect | scheva | schevas | scheva | schevan | schevas | schevan |
future | vegnel a dir | vegns a dir | vegn a dir | vegnin a dir | vegnis a dir | vegnan a dir |
conditional | jeu | ti | el/ella | nus | vus | els/ellas |
present | schess | schesses | schess | schessen | schesses | schessen |
future | vegness a dir | vegnesses a dir | vegness a dir | vegnessen a dir | vegnesses a dir | vegnessen a dir |
subjunctive | che jeu | che ti | ch'el/ch'ella | che nus | che vus | ch'els/ch'ellas |
present | dia | dias | dia | dian | dias | dian |
future | vegni a dir | vegnies a dir | vegni a dir | vegnîen a dir | vegnîes a dir | vegnien a dir |
imperative | — | ti | — | — | vus | — |
di | schai |
infinitive | dir | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gerund | dend | |||||
past participle | detg | |||||
singular | plural | |||||
1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | |
indicative | jeu | ti | el/ella | nus | vus | els/ellas |
present | ditgel | dias | di | schein | scheis | dian |
imperfect | devel | devas | deva | devan | devas | devan |
future | vegnel a dir | vegns a dir | vegn a dir | vegnin a dir | vegnis a dir | vegnan a dir |
conditional | jeu | ti | el/ella | nus | vus | els/ellas |
direct present | schess | schesses | schess | schessen | schesses | schessen |
indirect present | schessi | schessies | schessi | schessien | schessies | schessien |
direct future | vegness a dir | vegnesses a dir | vegness a dir | vegnessen a dir | vegnesses a dir | vegnessen a dir |
indirect future | vegnessi a dir | vegnessies a dir | vegnessi a dir | vegnessien a dir | vegnessies a dir | vegnessien a dir |
subjunctive | che jeu | che ti | ch'el/ch'ella | che nus | che vus | ch'els/ch'ellas |
present | ditgi | ditgies | ditgi | scheien | scheies | ditgien |
past | devi | devies | devi | devien | devies | devien |
future | vegni a dir | vegnies a dir | vegni a dir | vegnîen a dir | vegnîes a dir | vegnien a dir |
imperative | — | ti | — | — | vus | — |
di | schei |
Alternative forms
Alternative forms
- (Surmiran) deir
Somali
Tolai
Pronoun
dir
- Third-person dual pronoun: they two, them two
Venetian
Etymology
From a contraction of Latin dīcere (compare Italian dire), present active infinitive of dīcō.
Conjugation
- Venetian conjugation varies from one region to another. Hence, the following conjugation should be considered as typical, not as exhaustive.
infinitive | dir | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
auxiliary verb | aver | gerund | déndo | |||
past participle | dito, dixésto | |||||
person | singular | plural | ||||
first | second | third | first | second | third | |
indicative | mi | ti | eło / eła | noialtri / noialtre | voialtri / voialtre | łuri / łore |
present | do | (te) di, (te) dixi | (el/ła) de | démo | dì | (i/łe) de |
imperfect | déa | (te) divi, (te) dixivi | (el/ła) déa | dévimo | divi | (i/łe) déa |
future | darò | (te) darè | (el/ła) darà | darémo | darè | (i/łe) darà |
conditional | mi | ti | eło / eła | noialtri / noialtre | voialtri / voialtre | łuri / łore |
present | darìa | (te) darisi | (el/ła) darìa | darìsimo | darisi | (i/łe) darìa |
subjunctive | che mi | che ti | che eło / eła | che noialtri / noialtre | che voialtri / voialtre | che łuri / łore |
present | da | (te) di | (el/ła) da | démo | dì | (i/łe) da |
imperfect | dése | (te) disi | (el/ła) dése | désimo | disi | (i/łe) dése |
imperative | — | ti | eło / eła | noialtri / noialtre | voialtri / voialtre | łuri / łore |
— | (te) di | (el/ła) da | démo | dì | (i/łe) da |
Welsh
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /diːr/
- Homophone: dur (South Wales)