辛

See also: 幸, 羍, and 푸

辛	U+8F9B, 辛 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8F9B

← 辚
[U+8F9A]

CJK Unified Ideographs

辜 →
[U+8F9C]

⾟	U+2F9F, ⾟ KANGXI RADICAL BITTER

← ⾞
[U+2F9E]

Kangxi Radicals

⾠ →
[U+2FA0]

Translingual

Stroke order

Han character

辛 (Kangxi radical 160, 辛+0, 7 strokes, cangjie input 卜廿十 (YTJ), four-corner 0040₁, composition ⿱立十 or ⿱亠𢆉)

Kangxi radical #160, ⾟.

Derived terms

Appendix:Chinese radical/辛
𠉄, 㖕, 垶, 㛙, 㢹, 𢓫, 𭝅, 𭡄, 㳯, 𬯁, 梓, 𤈼, 𤙡, 𬍧, 𦛛, 𥏔, 𪿢, 𥞽, 𮇞, 𦀓, 𦐹, 𫋁, 觪, 䛨, 𨁅, 𨌍, 𬪬, 鋅(锌), 𤨘, 𮧝, 𮨬, 騂(骍), 𥋑, 𩷔, 𫓅
𧗶, 乵, 㲔, 𣐽, 㖖, 𧱏, 厗, 宰, 屖, 峷, 莘, 𣇛, 𤽮, 𥭴, 㾕, 𨴲, 𭍤
嶭, 薛, 巕, 㸉

References

KangXi: page 1250, character 25

Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 38630

Dae Jaweon: page 1729, character 31

Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 4036, character 1

Unihan data for U+8F9B

Chinese

simp. and trad.		辛
alternative forms		亲

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 辛
Shang		Western Zhou	Spring and Autumn	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Bronze inscriptions	Oracle bone script	Bronze inscriptions	Bronze inscriptions	Small seal script

Characters in the same phonetic series (辛) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
親	sʰin, sʰins
寴	sʰin, sʰins
儭	sʰins, sʰrins
瀙	sʰins, ʔsrin, *sʰrins
辛	*siŋ
新	*siŋ
薪	*siŋ
襯	*sʰrins
櫬	*sʰrins
嚫	*t͡sʰrinh
莘	*sriŋ
騂	*seŋ
垶	*seŋ
觪	*seŋ

Pictogram (象形) – Picture of a tool - a carving knife or a chisel - used to mark slaves and criminals. Its original version is 䇂.

Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-sin (“liver; heart; bile; bitter”).

“symplectic”: Borrowed from English symplectic.

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): xīn (xin¹)

(Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄣ

(Chengdu, SP): xin¹
Cantonese (Jyutping): san¹
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): sîn

(Meixian, Guangdong): xin¹
Min Bei (KCR): séng
Min Dong (BUC): sĭng
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): sin

(Teochew, Peng'im): sing¹
Wu (Wiktionary): xin (T1)

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: xīn
  - Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄣ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: sin
  - Wade–Giles: hsin¹
  - Yale: syīn
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shin
  - Palladius: синь (sinʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕin⁵⁵/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: xin¹
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: xin
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕin⁵⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: san¹
  - Yale: sān
  - Cantonese Pinyin: san¹
  - Guangdong Romanization: sen¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /sɐn⁵⁵/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sîn
  - Hakka Romanization System: xin´
  - Hagfa Pinyim: xin¹
  - Sinological IPA: /ɕin²⁴/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: xin¹
  - Sinological IPA: /ɕin⁴⁴/
Min Bei
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: séng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /seiŋ⁵⁴/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: sĭng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /siŋ⁵⁵/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sin
  - Tâi-lô: sin
  - Phofsit Daibuun: syn
  - IPA (Xiamen): /ɕin⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /ɕin³³/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /ɕin⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Taipei): /ɕin⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /ɕin⁴⁴/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: sing¹
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: sing
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /siŋ³³/
Wu
- (Shanghainese)
  - Wiktionary: xin (T1)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕɪɲ⁵³/

Middle Chinese: /siɪn/

Rime
Character	辛
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	心 (16)
Final (韻)	眞 (43)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	息鄰切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/siɪn/
Pan Wuyun	/sin/
Shao Rongfen	/sjen/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/sin/
Li Rong	/siĕn/
Wang Li	/sĭĕn/
Bernard Karlgren	/si̯ĕn/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	xīn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	san¹

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[s]i[n]/, /*si[n]/

(Zhengzhang): /*siŋ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	辛	辛
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	xīn	xīn
Middle Chinese	‹ sin ›	‹ sin ›
Old Chinese	/*[s]i[n]/	/*si[n]/
English	pungent; painful	8th heavenly stem
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	辛
Reading #	1/1
No.	13810
Phonetic component	辛
Rime group	眞
Rime subdivision	2
Corresponding MC rime	新
Old Chinese	/*siŋ/
Notes	甲文象黥刺刀具，𠞂（皮傷）初文

Definitions

辛

spicy; hot; pungent
辛辣 ― xīnlà ― spicy
hard; laborious; toilsome
辛苦 ― xīnkǔ ― laborious
suffering; hardship; misery
辛酸 ― xīnsuān ― bitter
The eighth of the ten heavenly stems.
(in a list) eighth; number 8; VIII
(organic chemistry) octa-
(mathematics, attributive) symplectic
a surname
辛棄疾／辛弃疾 ― Xīn Qìjí ― Xin Qiji (Chinese poet during the Southern Song dynasty)

Coordinate terms

(heavenly stems) 天干; 甲, 乙, 丙, 丁, 戊, 己, 庚, 辛, 壬, 癸 ^{(Category: zh:Heavenly stems)}

Synonyms

Dialectal synonyms of 辣 (“spicy”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		辛
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		辣, 辛辣
Mandarin	Beijing	辣
	Taiwan	辣
	Tianjin	辣
	Tangshan	辣
	Cangzhou	辣
	Baoding	辣
	Shijiazhuang	辣
	Chifeng	辣
	Hulunbuir (Hailar)	辣
	Harbin	辣
	Shenyang	辣
	Yantai (Muping)	辣
	Qingdao	辣
	Jinan	辣
	Wanrong	麻
	Zhengzhou	辣
	Xi'an	辣
	Yinchuan	辣
	Lanzhou	辣
	Xining	辣
	Ürümqi	辣
	Wuhan	辣
	Chengdu	辣
	Chongqing	辣
	Guiyang	辣
	Kunming	辣
	Guilin	辣
	Liuzhou	辣
	Xuzhou	辣
	Yangzhou	辣
	Nanjing	辣
	Hefei	辣
	Nantong	辣
	Malaysia	辣
	Singapore	辣
Cantonese	Guangzhou	辣
	Hong Kong	辣
	Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou)	辣
	Hong Kong (Ting Kok)	辣
	Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau)	辣
	Taishan	辣
	Dongguan	辣
	Yangjiang	辣
	Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	辣
	Singapore (Guangfu)	辣
	Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu)	辣
Gan	Nanchang	辣
	Lichuan	辣
	Pingxiang	辣
Hakka	Meixian	辣
	Dongguan (Qingxi)	辣
	Heyuan (Bendihua)	辣
	Wengyuan	辣
	Liannan	辣
	Jiexi	辣
	Zhao'an (Xiuzhuan)	辣
	Changting	辣
	Wuping (Yanqian)	辣
	Ninghua	辣
	Yudu	辣
	Ningdu	辣
	Tonggu (Sandu)	辣
	Ganzhou (Panlong)	辣
	Dayu	辣
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	辣
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	辣
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	辣
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	辣
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	辣
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	薟
	Hong Kong	辣
	Mengshan (Xihe)	辣
	Luchuan	辣
	Senai (Huiyang)	辣
Huizhou	Jixi	辣
Huizhou	Shexian	辣
Jin	Taiyuan	辣
	Xinzhou	辣
	Linhe	辣
	Jining	辣
	Hohhot	辣
	Zhangjiakou	辣
	Handan	辣
Min Dong	Fuzhou	辣
Min Nan	Xiamen	辣
	Quanzhou	辣
	Zhangzhou	辣
	Zhao'an	薟
	Dongshan	薟
	Taipei	薟
	New Taipei (Sanxia)	薟
	Kaohsiung	薟
	Yilan	薟
	Changhua (Lukang)	薟
	Taichung	薟
	Tainan	辣, 薟
	Taitung	薟
	Hsinchu	薟
	Kinmen	辣
	Penghu (Magong)	辣
	Penang (Hokkien)	薟, 辣
	Singapore (Hokkien)	薟, 辣
	Manila (Hokkien)	風, 辣
	Chaozhou	薟
	Shantou	薟
	Shantou (Chenghai)	薟
	Shantou (Chaoyang)	薟
	Jieyang	薟
	Haifeng	薟
	Bangkok (Teochew)	薟
	Johor Bahru (Teochew)	薟
	Singapore (Teochew)	薟
	Pontianak (Teochew)	薟
	Wenchang	辣
	Haikou	辣
	Qionghai	辣
Puxian Min	Putian	辣
Min Zhong	Yong'an	辣
Southern Pinghua	Nanning (Tingzi)	辣
Shehua	Fu'an	辣
	Fuding	辣
	Luoyuan	辣
	Sanming	辣
	Shunchang	辣
	Hua'an	辣
	Guixi (Zhangping)	辣
	Cangnan	辣
	Jingning	辣
	Lishui	辣
	Longyou	辣
	Chaozhou	辣
	Fengshun	辣
Wu	Shanghai	辣
	Shanghai (Chongming)	辣
	Suzhou	辣
	Danyang	辣
	Hangzhou	辣
	Ningbo	辣
	Wenzhou	辣
	Jinhua	辣
	Jinhua (Tangxi)	辣農
Xiang	Changsha	辣
Xiang	Loudi	辣

Compounds

下辛 (Xiàxīn)
下辛店 (Xiàxīndiàn)
千辛百苦
含辛茹苦 (hánxīnrúkǔ)
庚辛
悲辛 (bēixīn)
苦辛 (kǔxīn)
茹苦含辛
辛亥革命 (Xīnhài Gémìng)
辛勤 (xīnqín)
辛夷 (xīnyí)
辛巴威 (Xīnbāwēi)
辛苦 (xīnkǔ)
辛螫

辛辛苦苦
辛辛那提 (Xīnxīnnàtí)
辛辣 (xīnlà)
辛酸 (xīnsuān)
酸辛
高辛氏
后辛
辛榨 (Xīnzhà)
不辭辛勞／不辞辛劳
停辛佇苦／停辛伫苦
備嘗辛苦／备尝辛苦
千辛萬苦／千辛万苦 (qiānxīnwànkǔ)
戴奧辛／戴奥辛 (dài'àoxīn)

歷盡艱辛／历尽艰辛 (lìjìnjiānxīn)
白辛樹／白辛树
祕辛／秘辛
細辛／细辛 (xìxīn)
艱辛／艰辛 (jiānxīn)
萬苦千辛／万苦千辛
葷辛／荤辛
赫爾辛基／赫尔辛基 (Hè'ěrxīnjī)
辛丑和約／辛丑和约
辛勞／辛劳 (xīnláo)
辛安驛／辛安驿
辛巴達／辛巴达
辛盤／辛盘

Descendants

→ Zhuang: sin

Japanese

Kanji

辛

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

spicy, hot, acrid
bitter, painful, difficult

Readings

Go-on: しん (shin, Jōyō)
Kan-on: しん (shin, Jōyō)
Kun: からい (karai, 辛い, Jōyō); つらい (tsurai, 辛い); かのと (kanoto, 辛)

Compounds

辛党
辛味
辛気
辛気臭い
辛苦
辛酸
辛勝
辛抱
辛辣
辛労

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
辛
しん Grade: S
on’yomi

From Middle Chinese 辛 (sin).

Pronunciation

On’yomi

(Tokyo) しん [shíꜜǹ] (Atamadaka – [1])
IPA^(key): [ɕĩɴ]

Homophones: 心, 臣, 参, 芯, 信, 神, 真, 紳, 軫, 寝, 新, 箴, 震, 親, 讖

Proper noun

辛(しん) • (Shin)

the eighth of the ten heavenly stems

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
辛
かのと Grade: S
kun’yomi

金 (Ka, “Metal”, one of the Five Elements) +‎ の (no, attributive marker) +‎ 弟 (oto, “younger brother”)

Pronunciation

Kun’yomi

(Tokyo) かのと [kànóꜜtò] (Nakadaka – [2])
(Tokyo) かのと [kànótó] (Heiban – [0])
IPA^(key): [ka̠no̞to̞]

Proper noun

辛(かのと) • (Kanoto)

the eighth of the ten heavenly stems

Korean

Hanja

辛 (eumhun 매울 신 (mae'ul sin))

bitter
toilsome, laborious
8th heavenly stem

Vietnamese

Han character

辛: Hán Nôm readings: tân, tăn, tơn

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