良

See also: 艮, 皀, 飠, 食, and 民
良 U+826F, 良
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-826F
← 艮
[U+826E] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 艰 →
[U+8270]
良 U+F97C, 良
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F97C
← 糧
[U+F97B] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs 諒 →
[U+F97D]

Translingual
Stroke order

Han character

良 (Kangxi radical 138, 艮+1, 7 strokes, cangjie input 戈日女 (IAV), four-corner 30732, composition ⿱丶艮(GHT) or ⿱丨艮(JK) or ⿱一艮(V))

  1. good, virtuous, respectable

Derived characters

Descendants

References

Chinese
simp. and trad.
 良
alternative forms
 
𡰩
𡆨
𥭣
𣌣
𣌩
𡰩
𡆨
𥭣
𣌣
𣌩
𥭷

Glyph origin
Historical forms of the character 良
Shang Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (良) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
剆 *raːl, *raːlʔ
郎 *raːŋ
稂 *raːŋ
桹 *raːŋ
鋃 *raːŋ
硠 *raːŋ
浪 *raːŋ, *raːŋs
蜋 *raːŋ, *raŋ
琅 *raːŋ
狼 *raːŋ
欴 *raːŋ
踉 *raːŋ, *raŋ, *raŋs
莨 *raːŋ, *raːŋs
艆 *raːŋ
駺 *raːŋ
躴 *raːŋ
筤 *raːŋ
閬 *raːŋ, *raːŋs
哴 *raːŋ, *raŋs
蓈 *raːŋ
廊 *raːŋ
榔 *raːŋ, *raːŋʔ
螂 *raːŋ
瑯 *raːŋ
朗 *raːŋʔ
朖 *raːŋʔ
誏 *raːŋʔ
俍 *raːŋʔ
崀 *raːŋʔ
埌 *raːŋs
蒗 *raːŋs
娘 *naŋ
良 *raŋ
粮 *raŋ
悢 *raŋs

Pictogram (象形) . Possibly depicts corridors and a room, in which case it would be the original form of 廊.

Etymology

Possibly from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *l(j)a(k/ŋ) (“good, beautiful”).

Pronunciation 1

Note:
  • liông/liâng - literary;
  • niû - vernacular.
Rime
Character 良
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 來 (37)
Final (韻) 陽 (105)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 呂章切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /lɨɐŋ/
Pan
Wuyun		 /liɐŋ/
Shao
Rongfen		 /liɑŋ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /lɨaŋ/
Li
Rong		 /liaŋ/
Wang
Li		 /lĭaŋ/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /li̯aŋ/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 liáng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		 loeng4
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 良
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 liáng
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ ljang ›
Old
Chinese		 /*[r]aŋ/
English good

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 良
Reading # 1/1
No. 8046
Phonetic
component		 良
Rime
group		 陽
Rime
subdivision		 0
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese		 /*raŋ/
Notes 甲金文象宮外兩邊有廊爲廊初文，
王侍從常在廊，
遂稱之良或郎得貴官義

Definitions

良

  1. good; fine; well
  2. good; virtuous; respectable
  3. good person; virtuous person
  4. (literary) innate; inherent; natural
  5. very; very much; quite
  6. (literary) really; certainly; surely
  7. (obsolete) term of address used by a woman for her husband
  8. a surname

Compounds
Derived terms from 良

Pronunciation 2

Definitions

良

  1. Only used in 方良, alternative form of 魍魎／魍魉 (wǎngliǎng).

References

Japanese

Kanji
良

(grade 4 “Kyōiku” kanji)

  1. good

Readings

Compounds
  • 良(よ)い (yoi), 良(い)い (ii, “good, beneficial”)
  • 良(よ)さ (yosa, “merit, virtue”)
  • 良(よ)く (yoku, “well, much”)
  • 良好(りょうこう) (ryōkō, “good, fine”)
  • 良質(りょうしつ) (ryōshitsu, “good quality”)
  • 良否(りょうひ) (ryōhi, “quality”)
  • 良心(りょうしん) (ryōshin, “conscience”)
  • 良識(りょうしき) (ryōshiki, “good sense”)
  • 良(よ)い男(おとこ) (yoi otoko, “handsome man”)
  • 良(りょう)導体(どうたい) (ryōdōtai, “good conductor”)
  • 良(よ)い天気(てんき) (yoi tenki, “fair weather”)
  • 良(よ)かったら (yokattara, “if you like”)
  • 最良(さいりょう) (sairyō, “best, ideal”)
  • 優良(ゆうりょう) (yūryō, “superior, excellent”)
  • 改良(かいりょう) (kairyō, “improvement, reform”)
  • 不良(ふりょう) (furyō, “badness, delinquency”)
  • 善良(ぜんりょう) (zenryō, “goodness, excellence”)
  • 野良(のら) (nora, “the fields”)
  • 純良品(じゅんりょうびん) (junryōbin, “genuine article”)
  • 仲(なか)良(よ)し (nakayoshi, “intimacy, bosom buddy”)
  • 読(よ)み良(よ)い (yomiyoi, “easy to read”)
  • 気分(きぶん)が良(よ)い (kibun ga yoi, “feel good”)
  • 健康(けんこう)に良(よ)い (kenkō ni yoi, “be good for the health”)
  • 丁度(ちょうど)良(よ)い時(とき)に (chōdo yoi toki ni, “none too soon”)

Etymology
Kanji in this term
良
りょう
Grade: 4
kan’on

Noun

良(りょう) • (ryō) ←りやう (ryau)?

  1. (school mark) good, B
    数学(すうがく)の成績(せいせき)は良(りょう)だった
    sūgaku no seiseki wa ryō datta
    I got a B in math

Proper noun

良(りょう) • (Ryō) ←りやう (ryau)?

  1. a male given name

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 良 (MC lɨɐŋ).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448랴ᇰ (Yale: lyàng)
Middle Korean
TextEumhun
Gloss (hun)Reading
Gwangju Cheonjamun, 1575알 (Yale: al)량 (Yale: lyang)
Sinjeung Yuhap, 1576어딜 (Yale: etil)량 (Yale: lyang)
Seokbong Cheonjamun, 1583어딜 (Yale: etil)냥 (Yale: nyang)

Pronunciation

Hanja

良 (eumhun 어질 량 (eojil ryang), South Korea 어질 양 (eojil yang))

  1. Hanja form? of 양 (“good”). [affix]
  2. Hanja form? of 량 (“good”). [affix]

Compounds
Compounds

Old Korean

Phonogram

良 (*a)

  1. A syllabic phonogram denoting the syllable *a (generally not word-initial)

Suffix

良 (*-a)

  1. The verbal and adjectival infinitive suffix.
Descendants
  • Middle Korean: 어〮 (-é), 아〮 (-á)

Particle

良 (*-a)

  1. in; at; on; locative case marker, attested primarily in hyangga poems
Usage notes
  • First-millennium Old Korean also featured the locative particle 中 (*-kuy). The two particles were compounded as 良中 (*-a-kuy) as early as the seventh century. The compounded form becomes predominant in the corpus after the eleventh century, after which 良 (*-a) in isolation is not encountered. The compounded form eventually fused into a single morpheme, becoming the Middle Korean locative particle 에〮/애〮 (-éy/áy).
  • After the fourteenth century, Korean scribes occasionally reused the character 良 (良) to write 에〮/애〮 (-éy/áy). This is a feature of Middle Korean writing, not Old Korean.
Descendants
  • Old Korean: 良中 (*-akuy) (compounded with 中 (*-kuy))
    • Middle Korean: 에〮 (-éy)
      • Korean: 에 (-e)
See also
  • 中 (*-kuy) (locative case marker)
  • 矣 (*-uy) (locative case marker)
  • 良中 (*-akuy) (locative case marker predominant after the eleventh century)

References
  • 배대은 (Bae Dae-eun) (1996), “Idu cheogyeok josa-ui tongsijeok gochal [A diachronic study of locative case markers in Idu]”, in Baedalmal, volume 21, pages 139–156
  • 이승재 (Lee Seung-jae) (2000), “Chaja pyogi jaryo-ui gyeokjosa yeon'gu [Study of case markers in the Chinese-based orthography [of Korean]]”, in Gugeo Gukmunhak, volume 127, pages 107–132
  • Hwang Seon-yeop (2006). "Godae gugeo-ui cheogyeok josa" 고대국어의 처격조사] ["The locative case markers of Old Korean"]. Hanmal Yeon'gu Hakhoe Jeon'guk Haksul Daehoe (conference). Seongnam, South Korea. pp. 35–48.
  • Nam Pung-hyun (2012), “Old Korean”, in The Languages of Japan and Korea, Routledge, →ISBN, pages 41–72

Vietnamese

Han character

良: Hán Nôm readings: lương

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