長
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Translingual
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Alternative forms
- 镸 (when used as a radical)
Han character
長 (Kangxi radical 168, 長+0, 8 strokes, cangjie input 尸一女 (SMV), four-corner 71732, composition ⿱⿺丄三⿰𠄌⿺乀丿(GJKV) or ⿸⿱⿺丄三𠄌⿺乀丿(HT) or ⿱⿰丨三⿸⿱一𠄌⿺乀丿(HT))
- Kangxi radical #168, ⾧.
Derived characters
References
- KangXi: page 1328, character 7
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 41100
- Dae Jaweon: page 1829, character 11
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 4050, character 1
- Unihan data for U+9577
Chinese
| trad. | 長 | |
|---|---|---|
| simp. | 长 | |
Glyph origin
| Historical forms of the character 長 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Shang | Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script |
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Characters in the same phonetic series (長) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
Etymology
Three pronunciations below are cognate, all derived from the original root of 張 (*traŋ, “to make long; to stretch; to string a bow”).
Pronunciation 1 ("long") is the endopassive derivative ("be extended, be stretched"), with intransitive voicing. The lack of Tibeto-Burman cognates with the same meaning indicate that this is a Chinese innovation. Pronunciation 2 ("to grow") is the endoactive derivative. The different pronunciations are one of the few instances of contemporary grammatical tone in Mandarin.
See 張 for more.
Pronunciation 1
Definitions
長
Compounds
Derived terms from 長
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Descendants
Pronunciation 2
Definitions
長
- to begin to grow; to grow; to develop
- (of a person) to look; to appear (e.g. beautiful)
- (transitive) to increase; to enhance
- (intransitive) to increase; to go up
- See also: 漲
- to nourish
- old (of age)
- senior; elder
- leader; master; chief; head
- eldest; oldest
- to exalt; to honor
- 乃惟四方之多罪逋逃，是崇是長，是信是使，是以為大夫卿士。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Book of Documents, circa 4th – 3rd century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
- Nǎi wéi sìfāng zhī duōzuì būtáo, shì chóng shì zhǎng, shì xìn shì shǐ, shì yǐwéi dàfū qīngshì. [Pinyin]
- They are only the fugitives from all quarters, loaded with crimes, whom he honours and exalts, whom he employs and trusts, making them great officers and high nobles.
乃惟四方之多罪逋逃，是崇是长，是信是使，是以为大夫卿士。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- to wield; to be in control of
Synonyms
Dialectal synonyms of 長／长 (“(of an organism) to grow; to develop”) [map]
| Variety | Location | Words |
|---|---|---|
| Classical Chinese | 生, 長／长 | |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 長／长 | |
| Mandarin | Taiwan | 長／长 |
| Yantai (Muping) | 生 | |
| Jinan | 長／长 | |
| Wanrong | 長／长 | |
| Xi'an | 長／长 | |
| Ürümqi | 生 | |
| Wuhan | 長／长 | |
| Guilin | 長／长 | |
| Yangzhou | 生 | |
| Singapore | 長／长 | |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 生 |
| Hong Kong | 生 | |
| Dongguan | 生 | |
| Gan | Lichuan | 長／长 |
| Pingxiang | 生 | |
| Hakka | Meixian | 生 |
| Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 生 | |
| Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 生 | |
| Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 生 | |
| Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 生 | |
| Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 生 | |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 長／长 |
| Min Dong | Fuzhou | 生 |
| Min Nan | Xiamen | 生 |
| Quanzhou | 生 | |
| Zhangzhou | 生 | |
| Taipei | 生 GT | |
| Shantou | 生 | |
| Jieyang | 生 | |
| Leizhou | 生 | |
| Haikou | 生 | |
| Wu | Suzhou | 長／长 |
| Ningbo | 生 | |
| Wenzhou | 生 | |
| Jinhua | 生 | |
| Xiang | Loudi | 生 |
| Note | GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified) | |
Compounds
Derived terms from 長
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Descendants
Pronunciation 3
Definitions
長
Japanese
Kanji
長
Readings
- Go-on: ちょう (chō, Jōyō); じょう (jō)←ぢやう (dyau, historical)
- Kan-on: ちょう (chō, Jōyō)←ちやう (tyau, historical)
- Kun: ながい (nagai, 長い, Jōyō); おさ (osa, 長)←をさ (wosa, historical); たける (takeru, 長ける); つかさ (tsukasa, 長)
- Nanori: いえ (ie); すすむ (susumu); たけ (take); たけし (takeshi); つね (tsune); ながし (nagashi); のぶ (nobu); ひさ (hisa); ひさし (hisashi); まさ (masa); まさる (masaru); ます (masu); みち (michi)
Compounds
Compounds
- 長歌 (chōka)
- 長句 (chōku)
- 長躯 (chōku)
- 長兄 (chōkei)
- 長子 (chōshi)
- 長時間 (chō-jikan)
- 長州 (chōshū)
- 長女 (chōjo)
- 長上 (chōjō)
- 長短 (chōtan)
- 長調 (chōchō)
- 長刀 (chōtō)
- 長男 (chōnan)
- 長髪 (chōhatsu, “long hair”)
- 長夜 (chōya)
- 長老 (chōrō)
- 長銘 (chōmei): (swords) an inscription that includes some personal details about the swordsmith
- 一長一短 (itchō-ittan)
- 院長 (inchō)
- 延長 (enchō)
- 課長 (kachō)
- 会長 (kaichō)
- 学長 (gakuchō)
- 係長 (kakarichō)
- 楽長 (gakuchō)
- 機長 (kichō)
- 組長 (kumichō)
- 薩長 (Satchō)
- 市長 (shichō)
- 社長 (shachō)
- 船長 (senchō)
- 村長 (sonchō)
- 町長 (chōchō)
- 店長 (tenchō)
- 班長 (hanchō)
- 番長 (banchō)
- 部長 (buchō)
- 防長 (Bōchō)
- 霊長 (reichō)
- 長官 (kami)
- 長刀, 薙刀, 眉尖刀 (naginata)
- 長押 (nageshi)
- 長閑 (nodoka)
Etymology 1
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 長 |
| ちょう Grade: 2 |
| on’yomi |
/tjau/ → /t͡ɕjau/ → /t͡ɕɔː/ → /t͡ɕoː/
From Middle Chinese 長 (MC ʈɨɐŋX) in the sense of “chief, head, leader” and 長 (MC ɖɨɐŋ) (literally meaning “long”) for other senses. The two Middle Chinese readings were distinct but etymologically connected.
Noun
Etymology 3
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 長 |
| なが Grade: 2 |
| kun’yomi |
From Old Japanese.
Stem form of classical adjective 長し (nagashi), modern 長い (nagai, “long, lengthy”).
Alternative forms
Derived terms
Etymology 4
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 長 |
| つかさ Grade: 2 |
| irregular |
| Alternative spellings |
|---|
| 官 司 首 |
From Old Japanese.
Probably derived from 就か (tsuka, irrealis form of verb 就く (tsuku), “to take a position”) + さ (-sa, “-ness”, suffix indicating state or degree). (Can this(+) etymology be sourced?)
Pronunciation
Etymology 5
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 長 |
| たき Grade: 2 |
| irregular |
⟨taki1⟩ → */takʲi/ → /taki/
Possibly a variant of take below.[3] Appears in the Ruiju Myōgishō of around 1081-1100 CE.
Alternative forms
Pronunciation
- (Irregular reading)
- IPA(key): [ta̠kʲi]
Etymology 6
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 長 |
| たけ Grade: 2 |
| irregular |
⟨take2⟩ → */takəj/ → /take/
Cognate with 高 (taka, “height”), 高い (takai, “high”), and 長ける (takeru, “to be high”).
Alternative forms
Etymology 7
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 長 |
| たける Grade: 2 |
| irregular |
Etymology 8
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 長 |
| ひさし Grade: 2 |
| irregular |
From Old Japanese.
Nominalization of classical adjective 久し (hisashi), modern 久しい (hisashii, “long time”).
Korean
Etymology 1
From Middle Chinese 長 (MC ɖɨɐŋ, “long”).
| Historical Readings | ||
|---|---|---|
| Dongguk Jeongun Reading | ||
| Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 | 땨ᇰ (Yale: ttyàng) | |
| Middle Korean | ||
| Text | Eumhun | |
| Gloss (hun) | Reading | |
| Sinjeung Yuhap, 1576 | 긴 (Yale: kin) | 댱 (Yale: tyang) |
Pronunciation
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [t͡ɕa̠ŋ]
- Phonetic hangul: [장]
Compounds
Compounds
- 연장 (延長, yeonjang)
- 신장 (身長, sinjang)
- 장고 (長考, janggo)
- 장광설 (長廣舌, janggwangseol)
- 장기 (長期, janggi)
- 장단 (長短, jangdan)
- 장문 (長文, jangmun)
- 장발 (長髮, jangbal)
- 장성 (長城, jangseong)
- 장소 (長所, jangso)
- 장수 (長壽, jangsu)
- 장어 (長魚, jang'eo)
- 장음 (長音, jang'eum)
- 장작 (長斫, jangjak)
- 장점 (長點, jangjeom)
- 장화 (長靴, janghwa)
- 최장 (最長, choejang)
- 파장 (波長, pajang)
Etymology 2
From Middle Chinese 長 (MC ʈɨɐŋX, “grow; elder”).
| Historical Readings | ||
|---|---|---|
| Dongguk Jeongun Reading | ||
| Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 | 댜ᇰ〯 (Yale: tyǎng) | |
| Middle Korean | ||
| Text | Eumhun | |
| Gloss (hun) | Reading | |
| Sinjeung Yuhap, 1576 | 길 (Yale: kil) | 댱 (Yale: tyang) |
Pronunciation
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [t͡ɕa̠(ː)ŋ]
- Phonetic hangul: [장(ː)]
- Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.
Hanja
Compounds
Compounds
- 성장 (成長, seongjang)
- 조장 (助長, jojang)
- 장관 (長官, janggwan)
- 총장 (總長, chongjang)
- 회장 (會長, hoejang)
- 사장 (社長, sajang)
- 과장 (課長, gwajang)
- 의장 (議長, uijang)
- 교장 (校長, gyojang)
- 시장 (市長, sijang)
- 실장 (室長, siljang)
- 부장 (部長, bujang)
- 장남 (長男, jangnam)
- 반장 (班長, banjang)
- 가장 (家長, gajang)
- 수장 (首長, sujang)
- 선장 (船長, seonjang)
- 소장 (所長, sojang)
- 단장 (團長, danjang)
- 대장 (隊長, daejang)
- 계장 (係長, gyejang)
- 청장 (廳長, cheongjang)
- 원장 (院長, wonjang)
- 원장 (園長, wonjang)
- 장로 (長老, jangno)
- 서장 (署長, seojang)
- 학장 (學長, hakjang)
- 병장 (兵長, byeongjang)
- 촌장 (村長, chonjang)
- 기장 (機長, gijang)
- 함장 (艦長, hamjang)
Vietnamese
Han character
長: Hán Việt readings: trường (
長: Nôm readings: tràng[1][2][4], trường[1][2][4], trưởng[1][2][4], dài[1], chường[2], trành[3], trườn[5]
Compounds
Derived terms
- 部長 (bộ trưởng)
- 外長 (ngoại trưởng)
- 省長 (tỉnh trưởng)
- 市長 (thị trưởng)
- 社長 (xã trưởng)
- 校長 (hiệu trưởng)
- 副校長 (phó hiệu trưởng)
- 會長 (hội trưởng)
- 組長 (tổ trưởng)
- 隊長 (đội trưởng)
- 族長 (tộc trưởng)
- 家長 (gia trưởng)
- 酋長 (tù trưởng)
- 兄長 (huynh trưởng)
- 生長 (sinh trưởng)
- 增長 (tăng trưởng)
- 長成 (trưởng thành)
- 長老 (trưởng lão)
- 長房 (trưởng phòng)
- 長孫 (trưởng tôn)
- 長男 (trưởng nam)
- 長女 (trưởng nữ)
- 長村 (trưởng thôn)
- 長者 (trưởng giả)
Compounds
References
- Nguyễn (2014).
- Nguyễn et al. (2009).
- Trần (2004).
- Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
- Hồ (1976).
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