być

See also: byc

Old Polish

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *byti, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *bū́ˀtei, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰúHt, the present forms are from *h₁ésti.

Verb

być impf (indeterminate bywać)

  1. (intransitive) to be, exist
  2. (intransitive) to be (indicates sameness or membership in a class) [+nominative or instrumental]
    Jestem kowalem.I am a blacksmith.
  3. (intransitive) to be (auxilary verb used for predication) [+adjective]
    Jestem zmęczona.I am tired.
  4. (intransitive) In future tense, forms future tense of imperfective verbs. [+infinitive or verb in past tense]
    Będę biegać.I'll be running.
    Będę biegał.I'll be running.

Conjugation

This verb needs an inflection-table template.

Derived terms

adjectives
nouns
verbs

References


Polish

Etymology

Inherited from Old Polish być, from Proto-Slavic *byti, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *bū́ˀtei. The aorist/infinitive stem derives from Proto-Indo-European *bʰuH-, the present stem from *h₁es-. Cognates include Latvian būt, Lithuanian būti, Irish , Avestan 𐬠𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌 (bauuaiti) and Sanskrit भवति (bhavati).

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /bɨt͡ɕ/
  • (file)
  • Rhymes: -ɨt͡ɕ
  • Syllabification: być

Verb

być impf (indeterminate bywać)

  1. (intransitive) to be (indicates sameness or membership in a class) [+nominative or instrumental]
  2. (intransitive) to be (auxilary verb used for predication) [+adjective]
    Jestem zmęczona.I am tired.
  3. (intransitive) In future tense, forms future tense of imperfective verbs. [+infinitive or verb in past tense]
  4. (archaic, intransitive) In past tense, forms pluperfect tense. [+verb in past tense]
    • 1859, Jean Jacques Rapet, Przewodnik moralności i ekonomii-politycznej dla użytku klass roboczych, Behr Bock, page 170
      Gdybyś naprzykład, panie Rawski, był zjadł wszystko coś zarobił, to byś nie był zebrał majątku.
      If you for example, Mr Rawski, had eaten everything that you earned, then you would not have collected a fortune.
    • 1869, Charles Edmond (translated by Edmund Chojecki), Alkhadar: uste̜p z dziejów ojców naszych, F.A. Brockhaus, page 231
      Nastusia na pół osunięta, na pół wsparta na dębie, na pół omdlała, z oczyma szeroko, nieruchomie otwartemi, utkwionemi w stronę, gdzie jastrząb dokonał był pomyślnych swoich łowów, strasznie dyszała.
      Nastusia, half-fallen, half-supported by the oak, with her eyes opened wide in a motionless manner, fixed in the direction where the hawk had successfully carried out its hunts, was panting terribly.
    • 1871, Czesław Pieniążek, Włościanin: czasopismo ilustrowane dla ludu, Budweiser, page 34
      Ale cóż, gdyby był poszedł tam w to miejsce, jakie przystało honorowi i jego osobie, toby był musiał co dzień kilka i kilkanaście złotych wydać; to cóż on robił?
      Oh well, if he had gone there into that place, as befitted his honour and his person, then he would have had to spend a few and a few dozen złoty; so what did he do?
  5. (intransitive) to be (indicates location), there be
    Antonym: nie ma

Usage notes

The object is either in nominative or instrumental case; the former is often used when introducing oneself, and implies the object to be definite (Ja jestem Czesław, a to jest Marysia), in the latter the object is usually indefinite (Ona jest studentką "She is a college student"), although not exclusively (W tym momencie zorientował się, że Bruce Wayne jest Batmanem "In that moment he realised that Bruce Wayne is Batman").

Conjugation

Derived terms

verbs
adjective
nouns
noun
verbs

Further reading


Upper Sorbian

Etymology

From Proto-Slavic *byti, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰuH-. Compare Lower Sorbian byś.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /bɨt͡ʃ/
  • (file)

Verb

być

  1. to be

Conjugation

Further reading

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