十

See also: 〸 [U+3038 HANGZHOU NUMERAL TEN], ㆺ [U+31BA BOPOMOFO LETTER ZY], and 𬂛 [U+2C09B CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-2C09B]
十 U+5341, 十
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5341
← 區
[U+5340] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 卂 →
[U+5342]
⼗ U+2F17, ⼗
KANGXI RADICAL TEN
← ⼖
[U+2F16] 		Kangxi Radicals ⼘ →
[U+2F18]
㈩ U+3229, ㈩
PARENTHESIZED IDEOGRAPH TEN
← ㈨
[U+3228] 		Enclosed CJK Letters and Months ㈪ →
[U+322A]
㊉ U+3289, ㊉
CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH TEN
← ㊈
[U+3288] 		Enclosed CJK Letters and Months ㊊ →
[U+328A]

Translingual
Stroke order
Stroke order

Han character

十 (Kangxi radical 24, 十+0, 2 strokes, cangjie input 十 (J), four-corner 40000, composition ⿻一丨)

  1. Kangxi radical #24, ⼗.
  2. Shuowen Jiezi radical №54

Derived characters

References
  • KangXi: page 155, character 17
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 2695
  • Dae Jaweon: page 348, character 6
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 58, character 9
  • Unihan data for U+5341

Chinese
simp. and trad.
 十
alternative forms 拾 financial
什

Glyph origin
Historical forms of the character 十
Shang Western Zhou Spring and Autumn Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Bronze inscriptions Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Qin slip script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (十) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
針 *kjum, *kjums
汁 *kjub
卙 *kʰljub
十 *ɡjub
什 *ɡjub

Unlike 一, which was one horizontal stroke meaning one, 十 was originally simply a vertical stroke. In later forms 一 was added, forming a cross.

Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *gip.

Pronunciation

Note: sī - used for "ten" in 20 to 99.
Note:
  • cha̍p - vernacular;
  • si̍p/se̍p - literary.
Note:
  • zab8 - Chaozhou, Shantou, Jieyang, Chaoyang, Raoping, Pontianak;
  • zag8 - Chenghai.
  • Wu
  • Xiang
    • (Changsha)
      • Wiktionary: shr6
      • Sinological IPA (key) (old-style): /ʂʐ̩²⁴/
      • Sinological IPA (key) (new-style): /sz̩²⁴/
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 十
Mandarin Beijing /ʂʐ̩³⁵/
Harbin /ʂʐ̩²⁴/
Tianjin /ʂʐ̩⁴⁵/
Jinan /ʂʐ̩⁴²/
Qingdao /ʃz̩⁴²/
Zhengzhou /ʂʐ̩⁴²/
Xi'an /ʂʐ̩²⁴/
Xining /ʂʐ̩²⁴/
Yinchuan /ʂʐ̩¹³/
Lanzhou /ʂʐ̩¹³/
Ürümqi /ʂʐ̩⁵¹/
Wuhan /sz̩²¹³/
Chengdu /sz̩³¹/
Guiyang /sz̩²¹/
Kunming /ʂʐ̩³¹/
Nanjing /ʂʐ̩ʔ⁵/
Hefei /ʂəʔ⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /səʔ⁵⁴/
Pingyao /ʂʌʔ⁵³/
Hohhot /səʔ⁴³/
Wu Shanghai /zəʔ¹/
Suzhou /zəʔ³/
Hangzhou /zəʔ²/
Wenzhou /zai²¹³/
Hui Shexian /ɕi²²/
Tunxi /ɕi¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /ʂʐ̩²⁴/
Xiangtan /ʂʐ̩⁵⁵/
Gan Nanchang /sɨʔ²/
Hakka Meixian /səp̚⁵/
Taoyuan /ʃïp̚⁵⁵/
Cantonese Guangzhou /sɐp̚²/
Nanning /sɐp̚²²/
Hong Kong /sɐp̚²/
Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /sip̚⁵/
/t͡sap̚⁵/
Fuzhou (Min Dong) /sɛiʔ⁵/
Jian'ou (Min Bei) /si⁵⁴/
/si⁴⁴/
Shantou (Min Nan) /t͡sap̚⁵/
Haikou (Min Nan) /tap̚³/
/tɔp̚³/
Rime
Character 十
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 常 (25)
Final (韻) 侵 (141)
Tone (調) Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 是執切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /d͡ʑiɪp̚/
Pan
Wuyun		 /d͡ʑip̚/
Shao
Rongfen		 /d͡ʑjep̚/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /d͡ʑip̚/
Li
Rong		 /ʑiəp̚/
Wang
Li		 /ʑĭĕp̚/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /ʑi̯əp̚/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 shí
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		 sap6
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 十
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 shí
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ dzyip ›
Old
Chinese		 /*t.[ɡ]əp/
English ten

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 十
Reading # 1/1
No. 11452
Phonetic
component		 十
Rime
group		 緝
Rime
subdivision		 3
Corresponding
MC rime		 十
Old
Chinese		 /*ɡjub/

Definitions

十

  1. ten
  2. (figurative) topmost; utmost
    十分  ―  shífēn  ―  very
    十全十美  ―  shíquánshíměi  ―  perfect

See also
Chinese numbers
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 102 103 104 108 1012
Normal
(小寫／小写)		 〇, 零 一 二 三 四 五 六 七 八 九 十 百 千 萬／万
十千 (Malaysia, Singapore)		 億／亿 兆 (Taiwan)
萬億／万亿 (Mainland China)
Financial
(大寫／大写)		 零 壹 貳／贰 參／叁 肆 伍 陸／陆 柒 捌 玖 拾 佰 仟

Compounds
Derived terms from 十

Descendants
Sino-Xenic (十):
  • → Japanese: 十(じゅう) (jū)
  • → Korean: 십(十) (sip)
  • → Vietnamese: thập (十)

Others:

Japanese

Kanji
十

(grade 1 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings

Compounds
Compounds

Etymology 1
Kanji in this term
十
じゅう
Grade: 1
goon
Alternative spelling
拾 (financial)
Kanji in this term
十
じっ
Grade: 1
kan’yōon
Japanese cardinal numbers
 <  9 10 11  > 
    Cardinal : 十

/ʑipʉ/ → /ʑiɸu/ → /ʑɨu/ → /ʑuː//ʑiʔ/ → /ʑi~̚/

From Middle Chinese 十 (MC d͡ʑiɪp̚).

Pronunciation

Numeral

十(じゅう) • (jū) ←じふ (zifu)?

  1. ten, 10
Derived terms
Derived terms
Idioms
Proverbs
Coordinate terms
Japanese numbers
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Regular 零(れい) (rei)
零(ゼロ) (zero)		 一(いち) (ichi) 二(に) (ni) 三(さん) (san) 四(よん) (yon)
四(し) (shi)		 五(ご) (go) 六(ろく) (roku) 七(なな) (nana)
七(しち) (shichi)		 八(はち) (hachi) 九(きゅう) (kyū)
九(く) (ku)		 十(じゅう) (jū)
Formal 壱(いち) (ichi) 弐(に) (ni) 参(さん) (san) 拾(じゅう) (jū)
90 100 300 600 800 1,000 3,000 8,000 10,000 100,000,000
Regular 九(きゅう)十(じゅう) (kyūjū) 百(ひゃく) (hyaku)
一(いっ)百(ぴゃく) (ippyaku)		 三(さん)百(びゃく) (sanbyaku) 六(ろっ)百(ぴゃく) (roppyaku) 八(はっ)百(ぴゃく) (happyaku) 千(せん) (sen)
一(いっ)千(せん) (issen)		 三(さん)千(ぜん) (sanzen) 八(はっ)千(せん) (hassen) 一(いち)万(まん) (ichiman) 一(いち)億(おく) (ichioku)
Formal 一(いち)萬(まん) (ichiman)
1012 8×1012 1013 1016 6×1016 8×1016 1017 1018
一(いっ)兆(ちょう) (itchō) 八(はっ)兆(ちょう) (hatchō) 十(じゅっ)兆(ちょう) (jutchō) 一(いっ)京(けい) (ikkei) 六(ろっ)京(けい) (rokkei) 八(はっ)京(けい) (hakkei) 十(じゅっ)京(けい) (jukkei) 百(ひゃっ)京(けい) (hyakkei)

Noun

十(じゅう) • (jū) ←じふ (zifu)?

  1. a ten-year-old

Affix

十(じゅう) or 十(じっ) • (jū or ji') ←じふ (zifu)?

  1. ten, 10
  2. tenth
  3. tenfold
  4. all, completely, perfect
Derived terms
Derived terms

Etymology 2
Kanji in this term
十
とお
Grade: 1
kun’yomi

⟨to2wo⟩ → */təwo/ → /towo/ → /toː/

From Old Japanese.

Ultimately from Proto-Japonic *təwo.

Pronunciation

Numeral

十(とお) • (tō) ←とを (towo)?

  1. ten, 10
Derived terms
Derived terms
  • 十(とお)市町(いち) (Tōichi)
  • 十(とお)日(か) (tōka)
  • 十(とお)五(ごう)三(さん) (tō-gō-san)
  • 十(とお)島(しま) (Tōshima)
  • 十(とお)団子(だんご) (tōdango)
  • 十(とお)列(つら) (tōtsura)
  • 十(とお)ノ木(き) (Tōnoki)
  • 十(とっ)百(ぴゃく)韻(いん) (toppyakuin)
  • 十(とお)和(わ) (Tōwa)
  • 五(いつ)つの十(とお) (itsutsu no tō)
  • 四(よ)目(め)十(とお)目(め) (yometōme)
Idioms
  • 十(とお)が十(とお) (tō ga tō)
  • 十(とお)の界(さかい) (tō no sakai)
Proverbs
  • 十(とお)で神(しん)童(どう)十(じゅう)五(ご)で才(さい)子(し)二十(はたち)過(す)ぎればただの人(ひと) (tō de shindō jūgo de saishi hatachi sugireba tada no hito)

Etymology 3
Kanji in this term
十
と
Grade: 1
kun’yomi

Shift from tō above.[2]

Pronunciation

Numeral

十(と) • (to) 

  1. ten, 10
Derived terms
Derived terms

Etymology 4
Kanji in this term
十
そ
Grade: 1
nanori

⟨so1⟩ → */sʷo/ → /so/

From Old Japanese.

Used in compounds.

Affix

十(そ) • (so) 

  1. multiplied by ten: tenfold
Derived terms
Derived terms

Etymology 5
Kanji in this term
十
しい
Grade: 1
irregular

From Mandarin 十 (shí).[3]

Numeral

十(シー) • (shī) 

  1. ten, 10
Derived terms

References
  1. 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
  3. 1995, 大辞泉 (Daijisen) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN

Korean
Korean numbers (edit)
100
 ←  1  ←  9 10 11  →  20  → 
1
    Native isol.: 열 (yeol)
    Native attr.: 열 (yeol)
    Sino-Korean: 십 (sip)
    Hanja: 十
    Ordinal: 열째 (yeoljjae)

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 十 (MC d͡ʑiɪp̚).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448씹〮 (Yale: ssíp)
Middle Korean
TextEumhun
Gloss (hun)Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527열〮 (Yale: yél)십〮 (Yale: síp)

Pronunciation

Hanja

Wikisource 十 (eumhun 열 십 (yeol sip))

  1. Hanja form? of 십 (“ten”).
  2. Hanja form? of 십 (“whole; complete; perfect”).

Compounds
Compounds

References
  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

Vietnamese

Han character

十: Hán Việt readings: thập (寔(thực)入(nhập)切(thiết))[1][2][3]
十: Nôm readings: thập[1][2][4]

  1. chữ Hán form of thập (“ten”).

Derived terms
Compounds

References
  1. Nguyễn (2014).
  2. Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. Trần (2004).
  4. Bonet (1899).
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