和

See also: 倭, 咊, and 龢
和 U+548C, 和
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-548C
← 咋
[U+548B] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 咍 →
[U+548D]

Translingual
Stroke order
Stroke order

Han character

和 (Kangxi radical 30, 口+5, 8 strokes, cangjie input 竹木口 (HDR), four-corner 26900, composition ⿰禾口)

Derived characters
  • 俰, 啝, 𡞈, 𣷓, 𮠱, 𨨛(𫓼), 𧇮, 萂, 惒, 𨨑

Descendants

References
  • KangXi: page 185, character 1
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 3490
  • Dae Jaweon: page 404, character 3
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 602, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+548C

Chinese
simp. and trad.
 和
alternative forms 咊
龢
訸／𰵝

Glyph origin
Historical forms of the character 和
Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Qin slip script Small seal script
Characters in the same phonetic series (禾) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
科 *kʰoːl, *kʰoːls
萪 *kʰoːl
蝌 *kʰoːl
犐 *kʰoːl
禾 *ɡoːl
和 *ɡoːl, *ɡoːls
咊 *ɡoːl
盉 *ɡoːl, *ɡoːls
龢 *ɡoːl
鉌 *ɡoːl
俰 *ɡoːls

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡoːl, *ɡoːls) : phonetic 禾 (OC *ɡoːl) + semantic 口 (“mouth”) – harmony.

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “see talk”)

“and; with”
Zhao (2018) suggests that hàn and hài may ultimately derive from the contractions of 還有／还有 (háiyǒu) in colloquial speech.
“Japanese”
Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 和(やまと) (Yamato).

Pronunciation 1

Note: wo4-2 - used in names.
Note:
  • hô/hô͘ - literary;
  • hê/hêr/hôe - vernacular.
Note:
  • hua5 - literary;
  • huê5 - vernacular (used in 和尚).
Rime
Character 和
Reading # 1/2
Initial (聲) 匣 (33)
Final (韻) 戈 (95)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Closed
Division (等) I
Fanqie 戸戈切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /ɦuɑ/
Pan
Wuyun		 /ɦuɑ/
Shao
Rongfen		 /ɣuɑ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /ɦwa/
Li
Rong		 /ɣuɑ/
Wang
Li		 /ɣuɑ/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /ɣuɑ/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 huó
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		 wo4
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 和
Reading # 1/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 hé
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ hwa ›
Old
Chinese		 /*[ɢ]ˁoj/
English harmonious

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 和
Reading # 1/2
No. 4932
Phonetic
component		 禾
Rime
group		 歌
Rime
subdivision		 3
Corresponding
MC rime		 和
Old
Chinese		 /*ɡoːl/

Definitions

和

  1. peaceful; harmonious
    和平  ―  hépíng  ―  peace, peaceful
  2. gentle; kind
  3. warm; temperate
  4. sum; total
    五加四的和是九。  ―  Wǔ jiā sì de hé shì jiǔ.  ―  The sum of 5 and 4 is 9.
  5. to make peace; to become reconciled
  6. (chess) to tie
  7. (music) An ancient mouth organ similar to the sheng, but smaller; no longer used.
  8. Japanese
    和服  ―  héfú  ―  kimono, Japanese traditional clothing
  9. a surname. He

Compounds
Derived terms from 和

Descendants
  • → Thai: ฮั้ว (húua)

Pronunciation 2

Definitions

和

  1. and
    我和你  ―  wǒ hé nǐ  ―  me and you
    我想買些肉、魚、麵包和雞蛋。 [MSC, trad.]
    我想买些肉、鱼、面包和鸡蛋。 [MSC, simp.]
    Wǒ xiǎng mǎi xiē ròu, yú, miànbāo hé jīdàn. [Pinyin]
    I want to buy some meat, fish, bread, and eggs.
  2. with
    他和流浪街頭的孩子交上了朋友。 [MSC, trad.]
    他和流浪街头的孩子交上了朋友。 [MSC, simp.]
    Tā hé liúlàng jiētóu de háizǐ jiāo shàng le péngyǒu. [Pinyin]
    He has made friends with the kids on the street.
    他想和其他國家採取一致行動。 [MSC, trad.]
    他想和其他国家采取一致行动。 [MSC, simp.]
    Tā xiǎng hé qítā guójiā cǎiqǔ yīzhì xíngdòng. [Pinyin]
    He wants to act in concert with other nations.
    和你的車比起來，我的車很小。 [MSC, trad.]
    和你的车比起来，我的车很小。 [MSC, simp.]
    Hé nǐ de chē bǐqǐ lái, wǒ de chē hěn xiǎo. [Pinyin]
    Compared with yours, my car is small.
    如果你把譯文和原文比較一下，你就會找到不準確的地方。 [MSC, trad.]
    如果你把译文和原文比较一下，你就会找到不准确的地方。 [MSC, simp.]
    Rúguǒ nǐ bǎ yìwén hé yuánwén bǐjiào yīxià, nǐ jiù huì zhǎo dào bù zhǔnquè de dìfang. [Pinyin]
    If you compare the translation with the original, you will find the inaccuracy.
    意思和日語的「ダメ」類似。 [MSC, trad.]
    意思和日语的“ダメ”类似。 [MSC, simp.]
    Yìsī hé rìyǔ de “dame” lèisì. [Pinyin]
    The meaning is similar to the Japanese dame.
Synonyms
Dialectal synonyms of 和 (“and”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 與, 及
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 和, 與, 及
Mandarin Beijing 跟, 和
Taiwan 跟, 和
Yantai (Muping) 和
Jinan 和, 跟, 給
Wanrong 和
Wanrong (Ronghe) 連
Xi'an 跟, 連
Yinchuan 連
Lanzhou 跟, 和
Xining 帶, 和
Ürümqi 跟, 連, 和
Wuhan 跟
Chengdu 跟, 給, 和
Guiyang 跟, 同, 和
Guilin 跟, 和
Liuzhou 跟, 同, 和
Xuzhou 給
Yangzhou 跟, 交
Nanjing 告, 跟
Hefei 跟
Malaysia 和, 跟
Singapore 和, 跟
Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan) 帶
Cantonese Guangzhou 同, 同埋
Hong Kong 同, 同埋
Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou) 同
Hong Kong (Ting Kok) 同
Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) 同
Macau 同, 同埋
Taishan 同埋
Kaiping (Chikan) 同, 同埋
Dongguan 同, 同埋
Yangjiang 鄧, 同
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 同
Penang (Guangfu) 同
Singapore (Guangfu) 同
Gan Nanchang 跟, 同
Lichuan 和
Pingxiang 同, 跟
Hakka Meixian 同, 摎
Yudu 澗
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 摎
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 同
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 摎
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 同
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 摎
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 和
Hong Kong 摎
Kuching (Hepo) 佮
Huizhou Jixi 搭
Jin Taiyuan 和, 跟
Xinzhou 給
Min Bei Jian'ou 邀
Jian'ou (Dikou) 邀, 儉, 教
Zhenghe (Zhenqian) 邀
Pucheng (Shibei) 邀, 跟
Min Dong Fuzhou 共
Changle 共
Fuqing 共
Yongtai 共
Gutian 共
Fu'an 共
Ningde 共
Shouning 隨
Zhouning 傮, 共
Fuding 跟
Min Nan Xiamen 佮, 交
Xiamen (Tong'an) 佮
Quanzhou 佮, 交
Zhangzhou 佮
Tainan 佮
Penang (Hokkien) 佮
Singapore (Hokkien) 佮
Manila (Hokkien) 佮, 交
Chaozhou 佮, 共
Shantou 佮
Jieyang 佮
Singapore (Teochew) 佮
Pontianak (Teochew) 佮
Leizhou 共
Wenchang 共
Haikou 共
Qionghai 共
Waxiang Guzhang (Gaofeng) 跟, 邀
Wu Shanghai 脫, 脫仔, 得, 得仔, 搭, 搭仔, 交, 幫, 同, 跟
Shanghai (Chongming) 脫
Shanghai (Songjiang) 搭
Suzhou 搭, 搭仔
Danyang 同, 跟
Hangzhou 同
Ningbo 搭, 搭仔
Wenzhou 伉
Jinhua 亨, 跟
Xiang Changsha 跟
Loudi 跟
Shuangfeng 跟, 同

Pronunciation 3

Rime
Character 和
Reading # 2/2
Initial (聲) 匣 (33)
Final (韻) 戈 (95)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Closed
Division (等) I
Fanqie 胡卧切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /ɦuɑH/
Pan
Wuyun		 /ɦuɑH/
Shao
Rongfen		 /ɣuɑH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /ɦwaH/
Li
Rong		 /ɣuɑH/
Wang
Li		 /ɣuɑH/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /ɣuɑH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 huò
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		 wo6
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 和
Reading # 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 hè
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ hwaH ›
Old
Chinese		 /*[ɢ]ˁoj-s/
English tune (instruments); respond in singing

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 和
Reading # 2/2
No. 4937
Phonetic
component		 禾
Rime
group		 歌
Rime
subdivision		 3
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese		 /*ɡoːls/

Definitions

和

  1. † to make sounds in concert with; to echo
    附和  ―  fùhè  ―  to second, to echo
    唱和  ―  chànghè  ―  antiphon, sung reply
    應和／应和  ―  yìnghè  ―  to echo, to correspond
    酬和  ―  chóuhè  ―  to respond to a poem with a poem

Compounds
Derived terms from 和

Pronunciation 4

Definitions

和

  1. to mix with water to make something stick together; to knead
    和麵／和面  ―  huómiàn  ―  to knead dough

Compounds
Derived terms from 和

Pronunciation 5

Note: gwo3 - variant pronunciation for the classifier.
Note: classifier.

Definitions

和

  1. to mix (usually substances in powder or grain form)
    攪和／搅和  ―  jiǎohuo  ―  to stir, to mix
  2. to add water to make something less thick
  3. Classifier for the number of rinses when washing clothes.
  4. Classifier for the number of times a dose of traditional Chinese medicine is boiled.

Compounds
Derived terms from 和

Pronunciation 6
simp. and trad.
 和
alternative forms 糊 Cantonese
胡

Definitions

和

  1. (mahjong) to have a winning hand
    和牌  ―  húpái  ―  to win in mahjong
Usage notes
  • When playing mahjong, a player may say this word as a call when winning from another player's discard.

Compounds
Derived terms from 和

Synonyms
  • (Cantonese) 食糊
  • (Taiwanese Hokkien) 到 (kàu)

See also

Pronunciation 7

Definitions

和

  1. † warm
    暖和  ―  nuǎnhuo  ―  warm
    溫和／温和  ―  wēnhuo  ―  warm, lukewarm

Compounds
Derived terms from 和

References

Japanese

Kanji
和

(grade 3 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings

Compounds
Compounds

Etymology 1
Kanji in this term
和
わ
Grade: 3
on’yomi

From Middle Chinese 和 (hwa, “harmonious”).

The “Japan” sense appears during the reign of Empress Genmei (707–715), as this character 和 was chosen as a homophone with a more favorable meaning to replace the previous character 倭 (Wa) then in use as the kanji name for Japan[1] (see the etymology at 大和 (Yamato) for more details). The “Japan” sense was usually read with a kun'yomi of yamato, until some time in the Muromachi period, when the go'on reading of Wa became more common.[2]

Pronunciation

Noun

和(わ) • (wa) 

  1. peace, harmony, tranquillity, serenity.
  2. (arithmetic) sum
    Antonym: (difference) 差 (sa)
See also

Affix

和(わ) • (wa) 

  1. Japan, Japanese, Nippo-
    和(わ)露(ろ)辞(じ)典(てん)
    Wa-Ro jiten
    Japanese-Russian dictionary
    和(わ)食(しょく)
    washoku
    Japanese-style food, Japanese cuisine
    和(わ)室(しつ)
    washitsu
    a Japanese-style room with tatami flooring and usually sliding doors
    和(わ)映(えい)画(が)
    wa-eiga
    Japanese films, Japanese cinema

Etymology 2
Kanji in this term
和
やまと
Grade: 3
kun’yomi

See Etymology 1.

In modern Japanese, the Yamato reading is more commonly spelled 大和.

Definitions
For pronunciation and definitions of 和 – see the following entry.
【大和やまと】
[proper noun] a town in the Shikinoshimo district in the Yamato Province of Japan, generally equivalent to modern Tenri area
[proper noun] A city in Kanagawa Prefecture
[proper noun] one of the old provinces that made up Japan, generally equivalent to modern Nara prefecture
[proper noun] the country of Japan
Alternative spellings
倭, 和
(This term, 和, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Etymology 3
Kanji in this term
和
のど
Grade: 3
kun’yomi

Definitions
For pronunciation and definitions of 和 – see the following entry.
【閑のど】S
[adjective] (archaic) tranquil; calm; quiet; peaceful
(This term, 和, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Etymology 4
Kanji in this term
和
のどか
Grade: 3
irregular

Used as ateji in various names.

Proper noun

和(のどか) • (Nodoka) 

  1. a unisex given name

References
  1. 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
  3. 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 和 (MC ɦuɑ).

Hanja

Wikisource 和 (eumhun 화할 화 (hwahal hwa))

  1. Hanja form? of 화 (“harmony; peace”).
  2. Hanja form? of 화 (“a free-reed mouth organ with 13 bamboo pipes used in ancient times”).

Compounds
Compounds

References
  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

Vietnamese

Han character

和: Hán Việt readings: hòa/hoà[1], hồ[2]
和: Nôm readings: họa/hoạ[3], huề[3], hùa[4]

  1. chữ Hán form of hoà (“peace, harmony”).
  2. chữ Hán form of hoà; hoạ; hùa (“to mix or dissolve in water; to harmonize; to follow suit”).
  3. chữ Hán form of hoà, huề (“to draw, to tie, to make peace”).

References
  1. Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  2. Trần (1999).
  3. Trần (2004).
  4. Hồ (1976).
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