kel
Cypriot Arabic
Czech
Etymology
From Old Czech kel, from Proto-Slavic *kъlъ.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [ˈkɛl]
- Hyphenation: kel
- Rhymes: -ɛl
Declension
Danish
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /keːl/, [kʰeːˀl]
Hungarian
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [ˈkɛl]
Audio (file) - Hyphenation: kel
- Rhymes: -ɛl
Etymology 1
From Proto-Ugric *kälä- (“to rise, stand up”), which likely descends from Proto-Finno-Ugric *kälä- (“to ford”).[1] Akin to Mansi ква̄луӈкве (kvāluňkve, “to rise”).
Verb
kel
- (obsolete) come and go, get about (to transport oneself from place to place)[2]
- (intransitive) to get up, rise (from sleep; occasionally more broadly from a lying or sitting position)
- (intransitive, of the sun or moon) to rise
- Synonym: felkel
- (intransitive, of a seedling) to sprout, shoot, bud, germinate
- Synonyms: sarjad, kibújik
- (intransitive, of a young bird or insect) to hatch (to be hatched)
- (intransitive, cooking, of dough) to rise
- (intransitive, figuratively, in expressions) to start, set off, take off
- (intransitive, figuratively, archaic or poetic) to rise, arise (chiefly of emotions, their outward expressions, or natural forces like wind)
- Synonyms: keletkezik, kezdődik, támad
- (intransitive, marketing, chiefly after adverbs) to be sought-after, in demand
- (intransitive, of a piece of writing) to be dated (only in the past tense)
Conjugation
| 1st person sg | 2nd person sg informal |
3rd person sg, 2nd p. sg formal |
1st person pl | 2nd person pl informal |
3rd person pl, 2nd p. pl formal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Indicative mood |
Present | Indef. | kelek | kelsz | kel | kelünk | keltek | kelnek |
| Def. | intransitive verb, definite forms are not used | |||||||
| 2nd-p. o. | ― | |||||||
| Past | Indef. | keltem | keltél | kelt | keltünk | keltetek | keltek | |
| Def. | ― | |||||||
| 2nd-p. o. | ― | |||||||
| Conditional mood |
Present | Indef. | kelnék | kelnél | kelne | kelnénk | kelnétek | kelnének |
| Def. | ― | |||||||
| 2nd-p. o. | ― | |||||||
| Subjunctive mood |
Present | Indef. | keljek | kelj or keljél |
keljen | keljünk | keljetek | keljenek |
| Def. | ― | |||||||
| 2nd-p. o. | ― | |||||||
| Infinitive | kelni | kelnem | kelned | kelnie | kelnünk | kelnetek | kelniük | |
| Other nonfinite verb forms |
Verbal noun | Present participle | Past participle | Future part. | Adverbial part. | Potential | ||
| kelés | kelő | kelt | ― | kelve | kelhet | |||
Derived terms
- kelendő
- keleszt
- keletkezik
- keletlen
- kelt
- jár-kel
(With verbal prefixes):
- birokra kel
- életre kel
- ki korán kel, aranyat lel
- lába kel
- szárnyra kel
- útra kel
- versenyre kel
- védelmére kel
Etymology 2
Borrowed from Bavarian Keel (“Savoy cabbage”), from Latin caulis (“stem, stalk, cabbage”).
Noun
kel (plural kelek)
- Savoy cabbage
- Synonym: kelkáposzta
- (in phrases and compounds) a type of Brassica (cabbage and similar plants), including kale, cauliflower, napa cabbage, and Brussels sprout
- Hyponyms: fodros kel, kínai kel
Declension
| Inflection (stem in -e-, front unrounded harmony) | ||
|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | |
| nominative | kel | kelek |
| accusative | kelt | keleket |
| dative | kelnek | keleknek |
| instrumental | kellel | kelekkel |
| causal-final | kelért | kelekért |
| translative | kellé | kelekké |
| terminative | kelig | kelekig |
| essive-formal | kelként | kelekként |
| essive-modal | — | — |
| inessive | kelben | kelekben |
| superessive | kelen | keleken |
| adessive | kelnél | keleknél |
| illative | kelbe | kelekbe |
| sublative | kelre | kelekre |
| allative | kelhez | kelekhez |
| elative | kelből | kelekből |
| delative | kelről | kelekről |
| ablative | keltől | kelektől |
| non-attributive possessive - singular |
kelé | keleké |
| non-attributive possessive - plural |
keléi | kelekéi |
| Possessive forms of kel | ||
|---|---|---|
| possessor | single possession | multiple possessions |
| 1st person sing. | kelem | keljeim |
| 2nd person sing. | keled | keljeid |
| 3rd person sing. | kelje | keljei |
| 1st person plural | kelünk | keljeink |
| 2nd person plural | keletek | keljeitek |
| 3rd person plural | keljük | keljeik |
References
- Entry #259 in Uralonet, online Uralic etymological database of the Research Institute for Linguistics, Hungary.
- kel in Zaicz, Gábor (ed.). Etimológiai szótár: Magyar szavak és toldalékok eredete (‘Dictionary of Etymology: The origin of Hungarian words and affixes’). Budapest: Tinta Könyvkiadó, 2006, →ISBN. (See also its 2nd edition.)
Further reading
- (to get up, to rise): kel in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (‘The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language’). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN
- (Savoy cabbage): kel in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (‘The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language’). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN
Old Czech
Etymology
From Proto-Slavic *kъlъ.
Declension
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | kel | kla, kly | kli, klové (kloví), kly |
| genitive | kla, klu | klú (klou) | klóv (kluov, klů), kel |
| dative | klu, klovi | kloma, klama | klóm (kluom, klům) |
| accusative | kel, kla | kla, kly | kly |
| vocative | kle | kla, kly | kli, klové (kloví), kly |
| locative | klě (kle), klu, klovi | klú (klou) | kliech (klích), klech, klách |
| instrumental | klem | kloma, klama | kly, klmi, klami |
Descendants
- Czech: kel
Further reading
- “kel”, in Vokabulář webový: webové hnízdo pramenů k poznání historické češtiny [online], Praha: Ústav pro jazyk český AV ČR, 2006–2023
Slovak
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈkɛɫ/
Etymology 1
Borrowed from Bavarian Keel (“Savoy cabbage”), from Latin caulis (“stem, stalk, cabbage”).
Noun
kel m (genitive singular kelu, nominative plural kely, genitive plural kelov, declension pattern of dub)
Declension
Derived terms
- do kelu
- kelový
Etymology 2
From Proto-Slavic *kъlъ.
Noun
kel m (genitive singular kla, nominative plural kly, genitive plural klov, declension pattern of dub)
Declension
Derived terms
- klový
Swedish
Etymology
Deverbal from kela
Declension
| Declension of kel | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Uncountable | ||||
| Indefinite | Definite | |||
| Nominative | kel | kelet | — | — |
| Genitive | kels | kelets | — | — |
References
- kel in Svenska Akademiens ordlista (SAOL)
- kel in Svensk ordbok (SO)
- kel in Svenska Akademiens ordbok (SAOB)
Turkish
Etymology
From Ottoman Turkish كل (kel, “bald”), from Persian کل (kal, “bald”). Cognate to kelle (“head”) and ultimately to Latin calvus (“bald”), Old English calu (“bald”).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈcæl/
Declension
| Inflection | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Nominative | kel | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Definite accusative | keli | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Singular | Plural | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Nominative | kel | keller | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Definite accusative | keli | kelleri | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dative | kele | kellere | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Locative | kelde | kellerde | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ablative | kelden | kellerden | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Genitive | kelin | kellerin | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Synonyms
Volapük
Wolof
Yetfa
References
- Cornelis L. Voorhoeve, Languages of Irian Jaya Checklist (1975, Canberra: Pacific Linguistics), page 122
Zou
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /kel˧˩/
Etymology 2
From Proto-Kuki-Chin *kal, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *g-la. Cognates include Khumi Chin ämäkei and Mizo kal.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /kəl˧/
Etymology 3
From Proto-Kuki-Chin *kaal.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /kəl˧/
Derived terms
References
- Lukram Himmat Singh (2013) A Descriptive Grammar of Zou, Canchipur: Manipur University, pages 40, 46, 81
