算

See also: 祘
算 U+7B97, 算
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7B97
← 箖
[U+7B96] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 箘 →
[U+7B98]

Translingual
Stroke order

Han character

算 (Kangxi radical 118, 竹+8, 14 strokes, cangjie input 竹月山廿 (HBUT), four-corner 88446, composition ⿱𥫗𥃲 or ⿱𥬥廾)

Derived characters

References
  • KangXi: page 888, character 3
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 26146
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1315, character 23
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 2981, character 8
  • Unihan data for U+7B97

Chinese
trad. 算
simp. # 算
2nd round simp. 祘
alternative forms 筭
祘
𮅕

Glyph origin
Historical forms of the character 算
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script
Characters in the same phonetic series (算) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
纂 *ʔsloːnʔ
繤 *ʔsloːnʔ
算 *sloːnʔ, *sloːns
匴 *sloːnʔ
篹 *sloːnʔ
篡 *sʰroːns
攥 *ʔsloːd

In current form, 竹 (“bamboo”) + 目 + 廾.

The 目 portion may have originally represented counting rods (or possibly an abacus, although the character is believed to predate its invention). Such rods were typically made from bamboo.

Etymology

It has been compared with Tibetan གཤོར (gshor, “to count, to measure, to weigh”) by Gong (1995).

Pronunciation

Note:
  • sǹg/sùiⁿ - colloquial;
  • soàn - literary.
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 算
Mandarin Beijing /suan⁵¹/
Harbin /suan⁵³/
Tianjin /suan⁵³/
Jinan /suã²¹/
Qingdao /suã⁴²/
Zhengzhou /suan³¹²/
Xi'an /suã⁴⁴/
Xining /suã²¹³/
Yinchuan /suan¹³/ ～術
/suan⁵³/ ～了
Lanzhou /suɛ̃n¹³/
Ürümqi /suan²¹³/
Wuhan /san³⁵/
Chengdu /suan¹³/
Guiyang /suan²¹³/
Kunming /suã̠²¹²/
Nanjing /suaŋ⁴⁴/
Hefei /sʊ̃⁵³/
Jin Taiyuan /suæ̃⁴⁵/
Pingyao /suɑŋ³⁵/
Hohhot /suæ̃⁵⁵/
Wu Shanghai /sø³⁵/
Suzhou /sø⁵¹³/
Hangzhou /sz̩ʷõ⁴⁴⁵/
Wenzhou /sø⁴²/
Hui Shexian /so³²⁴/
Tunxi /suːə⁴²/
Xiang Changsha /sõ⁵⁵/
Xiangtan /sɔn⁵⁵/
Gan Nanchang /sɵn⁴⁵/
Hakka Meixian /son⁵³/
Taoyuan /son⁵⁵/
Cantonese Guangzhou /syn³³/
Nanning /ɬyn³³/
Hong Kong /syn³³/
Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /suan²¹/
/sŋ̍²¹/
Fuzhou (Min Dong) /sɔuŋ²¹²/
Jian'ou (Min Bei) /sɔŋ³³/
Shantou (Min Nan) /suaŋ²¹³/
/sɯŋ²¹³/
Haikou (Min Nan) /suaŋ²³/
/tui³⁵/
Rime
Character 算
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 心 (16)
Final (韻) 桓 (62)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Closed
Division (等) I
Fanqie 蘇管切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /suɑnX/
Pan
Wuyun		 /sʷɑnX/
Shao
Rongfen		 /suɑnX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /swanX/
Li
Rong		 /suɑnX/
Wang
Li		 /suɑnX/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /suɑnX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 suǎn
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		 syun2
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 算
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 suàn
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ swanH ›
Old
Chinese		 /*[s]ˁorʔ-s/
English calculate; tally

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 算 算
Reading # 1/2 2/2
No. 12137 12140
Phonetic
component		 算 算
Rime
group		 元 元
Rime
subdivision		 3 3
Corresponding
MC rime		 算 筭
Old
Chinese		 /*sloːnʔ/ /*sloːns/

Definitions

算

  1. to count; to calculate; to figure
  2. to plan; to arrange; to design
  3. to guess; to estimate; to approximate
  4. to regard as; to consider
  5. to count; to be of significance
  6. to let it pass; to give up
  7. finally; eventually
  8. Alternative form of 筭 (suàn, “ancient device for counting numbers”).
  9. (Guanzhong, Mandarin) while
    伢算說算笑／伢算说算笑 [Guanzhong Mandarin]  ―  niǎ suān shě suān xiāo [Pinyin]  ―  He speaks as he laughs
  10. (Hong Kong) ratio between two currencies, expressed with only the first significant figure
    日元兌港元跌穿六算。 [Cantonese, trad.]
    日元兑港元跌穿六算。 [Cantonese, simp.]
    jat6 jyun4 deoi3 gong2 jyun4 dit3 cyun1 luk6 syun3. [Jyutping]
    The exchange rate between Japanese Yen and Hong Kong Dollars has dropped below the ratio of 1 JPY to 0.06 HKD [literally: …below the ratio of 6.]

Synonyms
Dialectal synonyms of 算 (“to calculate”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 算, 計算, 計數
Mandarin Taiwan 算
Yantai (Muping) 算
Wanrong 算
Xi'an 算
Ürümqi 算
Guilin 算
Yangzhou 算
Malaysia 算
Singapore 算
Cantonese Guangzhou 計
Hong Kong 計
Taishan 計
Dongguan 計
Singapore (Guangfu) 計
Gan Nanchang 算
Lichuan 算
Hakka Meixian 算
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 算
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 算
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 算
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 算
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 算
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 算
Kuching (Hepo) 算
Huizhou Jixi 算
Min Dong Fuzhou 算
Min Nan Tainan 算
Singapore (Hokkien) 算
Shantou 算
Singapore (Teochew) 算
Wu Shanghai 算
Jinhua 算

Compounds
Derived terms from 算

Descendants
  • → Lü: ᦉᦸᧃᧈ (ṡoan¹)

References

Japanese

Kanji
算

(grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

  1. Counting, calculation

Readings

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 算 (MC suɑnX).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448솬〯 (Yale: swǎn)
Middle Korean
TextEumhun
Gloss (hun)Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527혤〯 (Yale: hyěyl)산〯 (Yale: sǎn)

Pronunciation
  • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [sʰa̠(ː)n]
  • Phonetic hangul: [산(ː)]
    • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja

Wikisource 算 (eumhun 셈 산 (sem san))

  1. Hanja form? of 산 (“to count; to calculate”).

Compounds
Compounds

References
  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

Vietnamese

Han character

算: Hán Nôm readings: toán, toan

  1. chữ Hán form of toán (“mathematics”).
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