< Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic

Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/arpa

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Etymology

Possibly borrowed from Northeastern Iranian,[1][2] from Proto-Iranian *Hr̥pā́š (“barley”), or perhaps Tocharian,[3] both from Proto-Indo-European *h₂élbʰit. Alternatively from *ar- (“to multiply oneself, be numerous”), whence Old Turkic [script needed] (arka, “multitude, crowd”).[4] The term appears to be related to Proto-Mongolic *arbaï (“barley”) as well, possibly through borrowing. Compare also Mongolian арвай (arvaj), Dongxiang apa.[5][6]

Noun

*arpa[7][2]

  1. barley

Declension
Declension of *arpa
Singular 3)
Nominative *arpa
Accusative *arpanï, *arpanïg 1)
Genitive *arpanïŋ
Dative *arpaka
Locative *arpada
Ablative *arpadan
Instrumental 2) *arpan
Equative 2) *arpača
1) Found in early Proto-Turkic.
2) The original instrumental and equative cases have fallen into disuse in many Turkic languages.
3) Plurality is disputed in Proto-Turkic. See also the notes on the Proto-Turkic/Locative-ablative case and plurality page in Wikibooks.

Descendants
  • Oghur:
    • Chuvash: урпа (urp̬a)
  • Common Turkic: *arpa

See also
Foods - *yẹ̄miĺčler, *yẹ̄miĺčsāyïn
Barley
 barley: *arpa
Pea
 beans, peas: *burčak
Wheat
 farro: *bodu
(>*bodugay>*bogday “wheat”)
Jujube
 jujube: *yidge
Strawberry
 strawberry: *yidgelek
Apple
 apple: *almïla
Hazelnuts
 hazelnut: *bōńurï
Walnuts
 walnut: *yaŋgak
Honey
 honey: *bạl
Millet
 millet: *tạrïg
Onion
 onion: *sogan
Salt
 salt: *tūŕ
Egg
 egg: *yumurtka
Butter
 butter: *yāg
Mushroom
 mushroom: *kömbe

Further reading
  • Hyllested, Adam (2014) Word Exchange at the Gates of Europe: Five Millennia of Language Contact‎, Copenhagen: University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Humanities, pages 32-33

References
  1. Jokl, Norbert (1911) Studien zur albanesischen Etymologie und Wortbildung (Sitzungsberichte der Philosophisch-Historischen Classe der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften; 168) (in German), Vienna: A. Hölder, page 90
  2. Dybo, Anna (2014), “Early contacts of Turks and problems of Proto-Turkic reconstruction”, in Tatarica‎, volume 2, page 9
  3. Clauson, Gerard (1972), “?F arpa”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 198b
  4. Tatarincev, B. I. (2000–2008), “Proto-Turkic/arpa”, in Monguš D. A., editor, Etimologičeskij slovarʹ tuvinskovo jazyka [Etymological Dictionary of the Tuvan Language] (in Russian), Novosibirsk: Nauka
  5. Tokat, Feyza (2014), “On the Common Words in Mongolian and the Turkish Dialects in Turkey”, in The Journal of International Social Research (Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi)‎, volume 7, issue 32, ISSN 1307-9581, pages 185-198.
  6. Nugteren, Hans (2011) Mongolic phonology and the Qinghai-Gansu languages (dissertation)‎, Utrecht: LOT
  7. Tenišev E. R., editor (2001), “*arpa”, in Sravnitelʹno-istoričeskaja grammatika tjurkskix jazykov: Leksika [Comparative Historical Grammar of Turkic Languages: Lexis] (in Russian), volume IV, Moscow: Nauka, pages 460-461
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