融

融	U+878D, 融 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-878D

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[U+878C]

CJK Unified Ideographs

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[U+878E]

Translingual

Han character

融 (Kangxi radical 142, 虫+10, 16 strokes, cangjie input 一月中一戈 (MBLMI), four-corner 1523₆, composition ⿰鬲虫)

Derived characters

瀜曧

References

KangXi: page 1092, character 42

Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 33384

Dae Jaweon: page 1557, character 28

Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2877, character 8

Unihan data for U+878D

Chinese

simp. and trad.		融
alternative forms		𧖓

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (蟲) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
痋	*l'uːŋ
鉵	*l'uːŋ
赨	*l'uːŋ
爞	l'uːŋ, l'uŋ
蟲	l'uŋ, l'uŋs
融	*luŋ
瀜	*luŋ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *luŋ) : semantic 鬲 (“cauldron”) + phonetic 蟲 (OC *l'uŋ, *l'uŋs).

Etymology

“Hot air; steam; heat” > “to melt” > “to blend”.

Sino-Tibetan; compare Burmese လောင် (laung, “to burn; to be burnt; to scorch”). Related to 蟲 (OC *l'uŋ, *l'uŋs, “hot; hot air; hot weather”) (as in 蟲蟲 (OC *l'uŋ/l'uŋs l'uŋ/l'uŋs)), 爞 (OC *l'uːŋ, *l'uŋ, “hot weather”) and possibly the word family of *lVm: 焰 (OC *loms, “fire”).

It belongs to a word family comprising characters meaning “to melt, to smelt, to fuse, to dissolve”. In modern times the various characters have taken on their specialised meanings:

融 (OC *luŋ, “to melt (at normal temperature); to blend”)
鎔 (OC *loŋ, “to smelt; to melt (at a high temperature)”)
熔 (OC *loŋ, “to smelt; to melt (at a high temperature)”)
溶 (OC *loŋ, *loŋʔ, “to dissolve (in a liquid)”)

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): róng (rong²)

(Zhuyin): ㄖㄨㄥˊ

(Chengdu, SP): yong²
Cantonese (Jyutping): jung⁴
Gan (Wiktionary): iung⁴
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): yùng

(Meixian, Guangdong): yung²
Jin (Wiktionary): yng¹
Min Bei (KCR): ě̤ng
Min Dong (BUC): hṳ̀ng / ṳ̀ng
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): iông / hiông

(Teochew, Peng'im): iong⁵ / ion⁵ / iên⁵
Wu (Wiktionary): hhion (T3)
Xiang (Wiktionary): iong²

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: róng
  - Zhuyin: ㄖㄨㄥˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: róng
  - Wade–Giles: jung²
  - Yale: rúng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: rong
  - Palladius: жун (žun)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʐʊŋ³⁵/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: yong²
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: yng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /yoŋ²¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: jung⁴
  - Yale: yùhng
  - Cantonese Pinyin: jung⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: yung⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /jʊŋ²¹/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary: iung⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /iuŋ³⁵/
Hakka
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yùng
  - Hakka Romanization System: iungˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: yung²
  - Sinological IPA: /i̯uŋ¹¹/
- (Southern Sixian, incl. Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yùng
  - Hakka Romanization System: (r)iungˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: yung²
  - Sinological IPA: /(j)i̯uŋ¹¹/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: yung²
  - Sinological IPA: /iʊŋ¹¹/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: yng¹
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /ỹŋ¹¹/
Min Bei
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: ě̤ng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /œyŋ²¹/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: hṳ̀ng / ṳ̀ng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hyŋ⁵³/, /yŋ⁵³/

Note:

hṳ̀ng - colloquial;
ṳ̀ng - literary.

Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: iông
  - Tâi-lô: iông
  - Phofsit Daibuun: ioong
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /iɔŋ¹³/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei): /iɔŋ²⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /iɔŋ²³/
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hiông
  - Tâi-lô: hiông
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hioong
  - IPA (Taipei): /hiɔŋ²⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /hiɔŋ²³/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: iong⁵ / ion⁵ / iên⁵
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: iông / iôⁿ / iêⁿ
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ioŋ⁵⁵/, /ĩõ⁵⁵/, /ĩẽ⁵⁵/

Note: ion5/iên5 - vernacular (俗) (iên5 - Chaozhou).

Wu
- (Shanghainese)
  - Wiktionary: hhion (T3)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɦi̯ʊŋ²³/
Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary: iong²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key) (old-style): /iʊŋ¹³/
  - Sinological IPA ^(key) (new-style): /in¹³/

Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 融
Mandarin	Beijing	/ʐuŋ³⁵/
	Harbin	/ʐuŋ²⁴/
	Tianjin	/ʐuŋ⁴⁵/
	Jinan	/luŋ⁴²/
	Qingdao	/iŋ⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/ʐuŋ⁴²/
	Xi'an	/yŋ²⁴/
	Xining	/yə̃²⁴/
	Yinchuan	/yŋ⁵³/ /ʐuŋ⁵³/
	Lanzhou	/ỹn⁵³/
	Ürümqi	/ʐuŋ⁵¹/ /vɤŋ⁵¹/
	Wuhan	/ioŋ²¹³/
	Chengdu	/yoŋ³¹/
	Guiyang	/ioŋ²¹/
	Kunming	/ioŋ³¹/
	Nanjing	/ioŋ²⁴/
	Hefei	/iŋ⁵⁵/
Jin	Taiyuan	/yəŋ¹¹/
	Pingyao	/yŋ¹³/
	Hohhot	/ʐũŋ³¹/
Wu	Shanghai	/ɦioŋ²³/
	Suzhou	/ɦioŋ⁵⁵/
	Hangzhou	/ɦioŋ²¹³/
	Wenzhou	/joŋ³¹/
Hui	Shexian	/yʌ̃⁴⁴/
Hui	Tunxi	/in⁴⁴/
Xiang	Changsha	/ioŋ¹³/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/in¹²/
Gan	Nanchang	/iuŋ⁴⁵/
Hakka	Meixian	/iuŋ¹¹/
Hakka	Taoyuan	/ʒuŋ¹¹/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/joŋ²¹/
	Nanning	/juŋ²¹/
	Hong Kong	/juŋ²¹/
Min	Xiamen (Min Nan)	/iɔŋ³⁵/
	Fuzhou (Min Dong)	/yŋ⁵³/
	Jian'ou (Min Bei)	/œyŋ²¹/
	Shantou (Min Nan)	/ioŋ⁵⁵/ /iõ⁵⁵/
	Haikou (Min Nan)	/zɔŋ³¹/

Middle Chinese: /jɨuŋ/

Rime
Character	融
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	以 (36)
Final (韻)	東 (2)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	以戎切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/jɨuŋ/
Pan Wuyun	/jiuŋ/
Shao Rongfen	/iuŋ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/juwŋ/
Li Rong	/iuŋ/
Wang Li	/jĭuŋ/
Bernard Karlgren	/i̯uŋ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	yóng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	jung⁴

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*luŋ/

(Zhengzhang): /*luŋ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	融
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	róng
Middle Chinese	‹ yuwng ›
Old Chinese	/luŋ/ (? < lum)
English	hot air, steam, heat
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	融
Reading #	1/1
No.	1509
Phonetic component	蟲
Rime group	終
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	融
Old Chinese	/*luŋ/

Definitions

融

^† hot air; steam (during cooking)
to melt
to mix; to blend; to fuse; to harmonise
(economics) to circulate
Short for 融城 (Róngchéng, “Fuqing, Fuzhou”).

Compounds

乳水交融
交融 (jiāoróng)
包融
孔融
情景交融
春光融融
暖融融
核融合 (hérónghé)
水乳交融 (shuǐrǔjiāoróng)
法融
消融 (xiāoróng)
熙熙融融
王融
祝融 (Zhùróng)
融丘
融冶
融券
融化 (rónghuà)
融合 (rónghé)

融和 (rónghé)
融洽 (róngqià)
融融 (róngróng)
融解 (róngjiě)
融通
融通物
通融 (tōngróng)
金融 (jīnróng)
金融公司 (jīnróng gōngsī)
金融卡 (jīnróngkǎ)
金融商品
金融赤字
融泄
六相圓融／六相圆融
其樂融融／其乐融融
和氣融融／和气融融
圓融／圆融
圓融三諦／圆融三谛
孔融讓梨／孔融让梨

心融神會／心融神会
樂融融／乐融融
竇融／窦融
膠漆相融／胶漆相融
融匯／融汇 (rónghuì)
融會／融会 (rónghuì)
融會貫通／融会贯通 (rónghuìguàntōng)
融為一體／融为一体 (róngwéiyītǐ)
融解熱／融解热
融解點／融解点
融資／融资 (róngzī)
融風／融风
金融市場／金融市场 (jīnróng shìchǎng)
金融業／金融业
金融機關／金融机关
鋁融接劑／铝融接剂
顯融／显融
馬融／马融

Japanese

Kanji

融

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

Readings

Go-on: ゆ (yu)
Kan-on: ゆう (yū, Jōyō)
Kun: とおる (tōru, 融る); とける (tokeru, 融ける)
Nanori: あき (aki); あきら (akira); あきらか (akiraka); すけ (suke); とお (tō); とおる (tōru); なかし (nakashi); ながし (nagashi); みち (michi); よし (yoshi)

Compounds

核(かく)融(ゆう)合(ごう) (kaku yūgō, “nuclear fusion, karyogamy”)
核(かく)融(ゆう)合(ごう)炉(ろ) (kakuyūgōro, “fusion reactor”)
金(きん)融(ゆう) (kin'yū, “finance”)
金(きん)融(ゆう)危(き)機(き) (kin'yū kiki, “financial crisis”)
金(きん)融(ゆう)市(し)場(じょう) (kin'yū shijō, “financial market”)
祝(しゅく)融(ゆう) (Shukuyū, “Zhurong, a Chinese god of fire and the south”)
常(じょう)温(おん)核(かく)融(ゆう)合(ごう) (jōon kaku yūgō, “cold (nuclear) fusion”)
闇(やみ)金(きん)融(ゆう) (yamikin'yū, “loan shark”)
融(ゆう)化(か) (yūka, “thaw”)
融(ゆう)解(かい) (yūkai, “melting; meltdown”)
融(ゆう)合(ごう) (yūgō, “fusion, blending, merger”)
融(ゆう)資(し) (yūshi, “financing, loan”)
融(ゆう)雪(せつ) (yūsetsu, “melting of snow”)
融(ゆう)点(てん) (yūten, “melting point”)
融(ゆう)和(わ) (yūwa, “harmony, reconciliation”)
溶(よう)融(ゆう) (yōyū, “melting; meltdown”)
- 熔(よう)融(ゆう) (yōyū, alternative form of above.)
炉(ろ)心(しん)熔(よう)融(ゆう) (roshin yōyū, “meltdown”)

Korean

Hanja

融 • (yung) (hangeul 융, revised yung, McCune–Reischauer yung, Yale yung)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

融: Hán Nôm readings: dung

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

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