禁

See also: 🈲
禁 U+7981, 禁
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7981
← 禀
[U+7980] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 禂 →
[U+7982]

Translingual

Han character

禁 (Kangxi radical 113, 示+8, 13 strokes, cangjie input 木木一一火 (DDMMF), four-corner 44901, composition ⿱林示)

References
  • KangXi: page 844, character 10
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 24743
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1264, character 11
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2400, character 4
  • Unihan data for U+7981

Chinese
trad. 禁
simp. # 禁
alternative forms 噤 Cantonese kam1
襟 Cantonese kam1
come Cantonese kam1

Glyph origin
Characters in the same phonetic series (林) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
婪 *ɡ·ruːm
惏 *ɡ·ruːm
啉 *ɡ·ruːm
漤 *ɡ·ruːmʔ
醂 *ɡ·ruːmʔ
林 *ɡ·rɯm
琳 *ɡ·rɯm
淋 *ɡ·rɯm, *ɡ·rɯms
痳 *ɡ·rɯm
箖 *ɡ·rɯm
霖 *ɡ·rɯm
菻 *ɡ·rɯmʔ, *ɡ·rɯms
罧 *slɯmʔ, *srɯms
棽 *r̥ʰɯm, *srɯm
綝 *r̥ʰɯm
郴 *r̥ʰɯm
禁 *krɯm, *krɯms
襟 *krɯm
僸 *krɯms, *ŋɡrɯmʔ
澿 *ɡrɯm
噤 *ɡrɯmʔ, *ɡrɯms
凚 *ɡrɯmʔ, *ɡrɯms
齽 *ɡrɯms

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *krɯm, *krɯms) : phonetic 林 (OC *ɡ·rɯm) + semantic 示 (“altar”).

Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *krim (“custom, prohibition”). Compare Tibetan ཁྲིམས (khrims, “law, rule; habit”), Mizo hrem (“to punish”) and Japhug khrɯm (“punishment”), although the latter may be a borrowed from Tibetan (Jacques, 2015; Jacques, 2004: 89).

Schessler (2007) also adds Burmese ခြိမ် (hkrim, “to threaten”) to the list of the possible cognates, however this word likely belongs to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-krim (“to threaten”).

Pronunciation 1

Rime
Character 禁
Reading # 1/2
Initial (聲) 見 (28)
Final (韻) 侵 (140)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 居吟切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /kˠiɪm/
Pan
Wuyun		 /kᵚim/
Shao
Rongfen		 /kiem/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /kjim/
Li
Rong		 /kjəm/
Wang
Li		 /kĭĕm/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /ki̯əm/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 jīn
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		 gam1
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 禁
Reading # 1/2
No. 8180
Phonetic
component		 林
Rime
group		 侵
Rime
subdivision		 1
Corresponding
MC rime		 金
Old
Chinese		 /*krɯm/

Definitions

禁

  1. to bear; to endure
  2. to be able to withstand
    我唔禁激㗎。 [Cantonese]  ―  ngo5 m4 kam1 gik1 gaa3. [Jyutping]  ―  I cannot stand getting annoyed.
  3. (chiefly in the negative) to contain oneself; to restrain oneself
  4. to torment; to torture
  5. (Cantonese) durable
    件衫啲料好禁喎。 [Cantonese, trad.]
    件衫啲料好禁㖞。 [Cantonese, simp.]
    gin6 saam1 di1 liu6-2 hou2 kam1 wo3. [Jyutping]
    The shirt's material is quite durable.
  6. Alternative form of 襟 (jīn, “coat sash; belt (to fasten clothes); girdle”).

Compounds
Derived terms from 禁

Pronunciation 2

Note:
  • géng - literary;
  • gêng - vernacular (“to warn; to caution against”).
Rime
Character 禁
Reading # 2/2
Initial (聲) 見 (28)
Final (韻) 侵 (140)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 居蔭切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /kˠiɪmH/
Pan
Wuyun		 /kᵚimH/
Shao
Rongfen		 /kiemH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /kjimH/
Li
Rong		 /kjəmH/
Wang
Li		 /kĭĕmH/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /ki̯əmH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 jìn
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		 gam3
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 禁
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 jìn
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ kimH ›
Old
Chinese		 /*kr[ə]m-s/
English prohibit

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 禁
Reading # 2/2
No. 8181
Phonetic
component		 林
Rime
group		 侵
Rime
subdivision		 1
Corresponding
MC rime		 禁
Old
Chinese		 /*krɯms/

Definitions

禁

  1. to prohibit; to forbid; to restrict
  2. to pin down; to restrain
  3. to block; to hinder
  4. to imprison; to detain; to take into custody
  5. to use incantation
  6. to store up; to hoard
  7. ban; prohibition; restriction; interdict
  8. taboo; banned item or thing
  9. prison; jail; confinement
  10. (historical) court; palace
  11. (historical) ritual table; wine altar
  12. sorcery; incantation; spell

Compounds
Derived terms from 禁

Japanese

Kanji
禁

(grade 5 “Kyōiku” kanji)

  1. prohibition

Readings

Compounds
Compounds
Kanji in this term
禁
きん
Grade: 5
on’yomi

Pronunciation

Noun

禁(きん) • (kin) 

  1. prohibition

References
  1. 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

Hanja

禁 (eumhun 금할 금 (geumhal geum))

  1. Hanja form? of 금 (“prohibition”).

Compounds

Vietnamese

Han character

禁: Hán Nôm readings: cấm, bấm, quắm

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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