研

See also: 硎 and 硏
研 U+7814, 研
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7814
← 砓
[U+7813] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 砕 →
[U+7815]

Translingual
Stroke order

Han character

研 (Kangxi radical 112, 石+4, 9 strokes, cangjie input 一口一廿 (MRMT), four-corner 11640, composition ⿰石开)

Derived characters

See also
  • 硏 (Original form of 研)

References
  • KangXi: not present, would follow page 828, character 24
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 24080
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1243, character 3
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2418, character 14
  • Unihan data for U+7814

Chinese
simp. and trad.
 研
alternative forms 硏
揅

Glyph origin
Historical forms of the character 研
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (幵) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
笄 *kŋeː
枅 *kŋeː
蚈 *kŋeː, *ŋ̊ʰeːn
羿 *ŋeːs
栞 *ŋ̊ʰaːn
雃 *ŋaːn, *ŋ̊ʰeːn
詽 *ŋreːn, *tŋ̊ʰeːn
揅 *ŋeːn
幵 *kŋeːn
鳽 *kŋeːn, *ŋeːn, *ŋ̊ʰreːŋ, *ŋreːɡ
豣 *kŋeːn, *ŋeːns
麉 *kŋeːn, *ŋ̊ʰeːn
趼 *kŋeːnʔ, *ŋeːn, *ŋeːns
汧 *ŋ̊ʰeːn, *ŋ̊ʰeːns
岍 *ŋ̊ʰeːn
研 *ŋɡeːn, *ŋeːns
妍 *ŋeːn
訮 *hŋeːn
鈃 *ɡeːŋ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *ŋɡeːn, *ŋeːns) : semantic 石 + phonetic 幵 (OC *kŋeːn).

Pronunciation

Note:
  • jin4 - literary;
  • ngaan4 - vernacular (“to grind”).
Note:
  • ngiēng - vernacular;
  • ngiĕng - literary (used in 研究).
Note:
  • gián - literary;
  • géng/nguí/gán/ngái - vernacular.
    • (Teochew)
      • Peng'im: ngiêng2 / ngiang2 / ngiêng5 / ngiang5 / ngoin2
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ngiéng / ngiáng / ngiêng / ngiâng / ngóiⁿ
      • Sinological IPA (key): /ŋieŋ⁵²/, /ŋiaŋ⁵²/, /ŋieŋ⁵⁵/, /ŋiaŋ⁵⁵/, /ŋõĩ⁵²/
Note:
  • ngiêng2/ngiang2/ngiêng5/ngiang5 - literary (ngiêng2/ngiêng5 - Chaozhou);
  • ngoin2 - vernacular.
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 研
Mandarin Beijing /ian³⁵/
Harbin /ian²⁴/
Tianjin /ian⁴⁵/
Jinan /iã⁴²/
Qingdao /iã⁴²/
Zhengzhou /ian⁴²/
Xi'an /iã²⁴/
Xining /iã²⁴/
Yinchuan /ian⁵³/
Lanzhou /iɛ̃n⁵³/
Ürümqi /ian⁵¹/
Wuhan /niɛn⁵⁵/
Chengdu /ȵian⁵⁵/
Guiyang /nian⁵⁵/
Kunming /iɛ̃³¹/
Nanjing /ien²⁴/
Hefei /iĩ⁵⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /ie¹¹/
Pingyao /ȵie̞¹³/
Hohhot /ie³¹/
Wu Shanghai /ȵi⁵³/
Suzhou /ȵiɪ¹³/
Hangzhou /ȵiẽ̞³³/
Wenzhou /ȵi³¹/
Hui Shexian /ne³⁵/
Tunxi /ȵiɛ⁴⁴/
Xiang Changsha /ȵiẽ³³/
Xiangtan /ȵiẽ³³/
Gan Nanchang /ȵiɛn²¹³/
Hakka Meixian /ŋan⁴⁴/
Taoyuan /ŋien²⁴/
Cantonese Guangzhou /jin²¹/
Nanning /in²¹/
Hong Kong /jin²¹/
Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /gian³⁵/
/giŋ⁵³/ 俗
Fuzhou (Min Dong) /ŋieŋ³²/
Jian'ou (Min Bei) /ŋaiŋ²¹/
Shantou (Min Nan) /ŋiaŋ⁵³/
Haikou (Min Nan) /ŋin²³/ ～究
/ŋai²¹³/ ～碎
Rime
Character 研
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 疑 (31)
Final (韻) 先 (85)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) IV
Fanqie 吾甸切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /ŋenH/
Pan
Wuyun		 /ŋenH/
Shao
Rongfen		 /ŋɛnH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /ŋɛnH/
Li
Rong		 /ŋenH/
Wang
Li		 /ŋienH/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /ŋienH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 yàn
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		 jin6
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 研
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 yán
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ ngen ›
Old
Chinese		 /*[ŋ]ˁe[r]/
English grind; examine

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 研
Reading # 1/2
No. 6171
Phonetic
component		 幵
Rime
group		 元
Rime
subdivision		 2
Corresponding
MC rime		 姸
Old
Chinese		 /*ŋɡeːn/

Definitions

研

  1. to grind; to rub; to sharpen
  2. to investigate; to study; to research
    Synonym: 究 (jiū)
  3. Short for 研究生 (yánjiūshēng, “postgraduate studies or student”).

Compounds
  • 研窮／研穷
  • 研精覃奧／研精覃奥
  • 研精鉤深／研精钩深
  • 研精靜慮／研精静虑
  • 研經鑄史／研经铸史
  • 研習／研习 (yánxí)
  • 研習營／研习营
  • 研習班／研习班
  • 研製／研制 (yánzhì)
  • 研訂／研订
  • 研討／研讨 (yántǎo)
  • 研詰／研诘
  • 研議／研议
  • 研讀／研读 (yándú)
  • 讀研／读研 (dúyán)
  • 鑽研／钻研 (zuānyán)

Etymology 2
For pronunciation and definitions of 研 – see 硯 (“inkstone”).
(This character, 研, is a variant form of 硯.)

Japanese

Shinjitai

 研

Kyūjitai

 硏

Kanji
研

(grade 3 “Kyōiku” kanji, shinjitai kanji, kyūjitai form 硏)

  1. to polish
    Synonym: 磨
  2. study of ...
  3. to sharpen
  4. inkstone
    Synonym: 硯
  5. a surname

Readings

From Middle Chinese 研 (MC ŋen); compare Mandarin 研 (yán):

From Middle Chinese 研 (MC ŋenH); compare Mandarin 研 (yàn):

From native Japanese roots:

Compounds
Derived terms

Korean

Hanja

研 (eumhun 갈 연 (gal yeon))

  1. Alternative form of 硏 (硏, “Hanja form? of 연 (“grinding”).”)

Vietnamese

Han character

研: Hán Việt readings: nghiên[1], nghiễn[2]
研: Nôm readings: nghiên[1], nghiền[3], nghiện[3], tên[4]

  1. chữ Hán form of nghiên (“to study, to research”).
  2. Nôm form of nghiền (“to grind”).

References
  1. Trần (1999).
  2. Trần (1999)；.
  3. Trần (2004).
  4. Hồ (1976).
  • Thiều Chửu : Hán Việt Tự Điển Hà Nội 1942
  • Vũ Văn Kính: Đại Tự Điển Chữ Nôm, NXB Văn Nghệ, Ho Chi Minh Ville, 1999
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