敵

See also: 敌
敵 U+6575, 敵
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6575
← 整
[U+6574] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 敶 →
[U+6576]

Translingual

Han character

敵 (Kangxi radical 66, 攴+11, 15 strokes, cangjie input 卜月人大 (YBOK), four-corner 08240, composition ⿰啇攵)

Derived characters
  • 𭟗, 𢸑, 𧁱, 𡒱

References
  • KangXi: page 474, character 48
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 13354
  • Dae Jaweon: page 828, character 29
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1475, character 4
  • Unihan data for U+6575

Chinese
trad. 敵
simp. 敌
alternative forms 𢿪
適／适

Glyph origin
Characters in the same phonetic series (帝) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
膪 *rtaːɡs, *rteːɡs
揥 *tʰeds, *teː
腣 *teː, *teːɡs
諦 *teːɡs
偙 *teːɡs
渧 *teːɡs
帝 *teːɡs
楴 *tʰeːɡs
啼 *deː
蹄 *deː
締 *deː, *deːɡs
崹 *deː
鶙 *deː
禘 *deːɡs
啻 *hljeɡs
嫡 *rteɡ, *teːɡ
摘 *rteːɡ, *tʰeːɡ
謫 *rteːɡ
讁 *rteːɡ
擿 *deɡ
蹢 *deɡ, *teːɡ
適 *tjeɡ, *hljeɡ, *teːɡ
啇 *teːɡ
滴 *teːɡ
鏑 *teːɡ
甋 *teːɡ
樀 *teːɡ, *deːɡ
敵 *deːɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *deːɡ) : phonetic 啻 (OC *hljeɡs) + semantic 攴 (“to tap; to hit”).

Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-taːj (“to retaliate; to grudge”). Cognate with Jingpho tai (tai³¹, “to avenge; to retaliate”), Mizo tǎi (“to be at enmity with one another (intense); to have a grudge against”), and Burmese တေး (te:, “to hold a grudge, to chalk up a grievance”).

Pronunciation

Rime
Character 敵
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 定 (7)
Final (韻) 青 (127)
Tone (調) Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) IV
Fanqie 徒歷切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /dek̚/
Pan
Wuyun		 /dek̚/
Shao
Rongfen		 /dɛk̚/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /dɛjk̚/
Li
Rong		 /dek̚/
Wang
Li		 /diek̚/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /dʱiek̚/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 dí
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		 dik6
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 敵
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 dí
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ dek ›
Old
Chinese		 /*[d]ˁek/
English oppose; enemy

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 敵
Reading # 1/1
No. 2340
Phonetic
component		 帝
Rime
group		 錫
Rime
subdivision		 0
Corresponding
MC rime		 荻
Old
Chinese		 /*deːɡ/

Definitions

敵

  1. enemy; foe; rival
    敵我／敌我  ―  díwǒ  ―  the enemy and us
    與民為敵／与民为敌  ―  yǔ mín wéi dí  ―  to treat the people as the enemy
  2. hostile; antagonistic
    敵國／敌国  ―  díguó  ―  enemy state
  3. to resist; to oppose
    敵不住／敌不住  ―  dí bùzhù  ―  cannot resist
    寡不敵眾／寡不敌众  ―  guǎbùdízhòng  ―  to be hopelessly out-numbered
  4. to match; to rival
    匹敵／匹敌  ―  pǐdí  ―  to compare with

Compounds
Derived terms from 敵

Japanese

Kanji
敵

(grade 5 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings

Etymology 1
Kanji in this term
敵
かたき
Grade: 6
kun’yomi
Alternative spelling
仇

The Heian Kyoto pitch accent of <LLL> indicates that the first two morae of this word are come from 片(かた) (kata, “one of a pair”, pitch accent <LL>).

Pronunciation
  • (Tokyo) かたき​ [kàtákíꜜ] (Odaka – [3])[1]
  • IPA(key): [ka̠ta̠kʲi]

Noun

敵(かたき) • (kataki) 

  1. an enemy
  2. revenge, vengeance
    親(おや)の敵(かたき)
    oya no kataki
    revenge for one's parent's death
    • 2005 January 10, Izawa, Hiroshi; Yamada, Kotaro, “第(だい)34話(わ)　復(ふく)讐(しゅう)の槍(やり) [Chapter 34: The Lance of Vengeance]”, in ファイアーエムブレム 覇者の剣 [Fire Emblem: Sword of Champions], volume 9 (fiction), Tokyo: Shueisha, →ISBN, page 60:
      妹(いもうと)の仇(かたき)だ！何(なん)万(まん)人(にん)だろうが地(じ)獄(ごく)へ送(おく)ってやる‼
      Imōto no kataki da! Nanmannin darō ga jigoku e okutte yaru‼
      This is vengeance for my sister! Keep coming, all of you! I’ll send you all straight to hell‼
  3. opponent (of the game or conflict)
  4. (archaic, obsolete) marriage partner

Etymology 2
Kanji in this term
敵
てき
Grade: 6
kan’on
Alternative spelling
的 (rare)

From Middle Chinese 敵 (MC dek̚). First cited in Japanese to the early 1200s.[2]

Pronunciation

Noun

敵(てき) • (teki) 

  1. [from early 1200s] an enemy
    • 1999 March 1, “とろける赤(あか)き影(かげ) (torokeru akaki kage) [Melting Red Shadow]”, in BOOSTER 1, Konami:
      体(からだ)を溶(と)かして足(あし)もとの影(かげ)にもぐり、敵(てき)の真(ま)下(した)から攻(こう)撃(げき)する。
      Karada o tokashite ashimoto no kage ni moguri, teki no mashita kara kōgeki suru.
      It strikes its enemies directly from below as its melting body dives in the shadows under their feet.
  2. [from early 1800s] an opponent, a competitor
    敵(てき)を倒(たお)す
    teki o taosu
    defeat an opponent
    • 2003 September 22, Uraku, Akinobu, “第60話(だいろくじゅうわ) - 少(しょう)女(じょ)の決(けつ)意(い) (dairokujūwa - shōjo no ketsui) [Chapter 60: A Girl’s Resolve]”, in 東京アンダーグラウンド (Tōkyō Andāguraundo) [Tokyo Underground], volume 11 (fiction), Square Enix, →ISBN, pages 24–25:
      敵(てき)であるオマエを信(しん)じろと言(い)うのか？
      Teki de aru omae o shinjiro to iu no ka?
      You’re my opponent. Why should I believe you?
  3. [1466–???] (historical) the other party in a lawsuit
  4. [from 1678] 的: (historical) in the red-light district, a term of reference used between prostitutes and customers
Compounds

Pronoun

敵(てき) • (teki) 

  1. [from 1811] 的: (historical) (by extension from the red-light district usage) term of third-person reference: that guy, that one
    Synonym: やつ (yatsu)
  2. [from 1809] 的: (historical, mildly derogatory) (by extension from the red-light district usage) term of second-person reference: you
    Synonym: お前 (omae)

References
  1. 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. “敵・的”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)‎ (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000, →ISBN

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 敵 (MC dek̚). Recorded as Middle Korean 뎍 (tyek) (Yale: tyek) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Hanja

Wikisource 敵 (eumhun 원수 적 (wonsu jeok))

  1. Hanja form? of 적 (“enemy”).

Compounds
Compounds

References
  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

Vietnamese

Han character

敵: Hán Nôm readings: địch

  1. chữ Hán form of địch (“enemy”).
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