Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/esmь

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *esmi, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésmi.

Baltic cognates are Lithuanian esmì, Old Prussian asmai.

Indo-European cognates are Tocharian A ṣem, Tocharian B ṣeym, Sanskrit अस्मि (asmi), Avestan 𐬀𐬵𐬨𐬍‎‎ (ahmī‎), Old Armenian եմ (em), Hittite 𒂊𒌍𒈪 (esmi), Ancient Greek εἰμί (eimí), Aeolic Greek ἔμμι (émmi), Albanian jam, Latin sum, Proto-Germanic *immi.

Verb

*esmь

first-person singular present of *byti

Descendants

East Slavic:
- Old East Slavic: есмь (esmĭ)
  - Russian: есмь (jesmʹ)
  - Ukrainian: єсьми (jesʹmy)
- Old Novgorodian: есмь (esmĭ)
South Slavic:
- Old Church Slavonic: ѥсмь (jesmĭ)
- Bulgarian: съм (sǎm), сам (sam)
- Macedonian: сум (sum)
- Serbo-Croatian:
  - Cyrillic: јѐсам, сам
  - Latin: jèsam, sam
- Old Slovene: ieſem[1], iezem[2], gezim[3]
  - Slovene: sem
West Slavic:
- Old Czech: jsem (gſem/?zzem)[4], sem (ſem)
  - Czech: jsem
    - Bohemian (Chod dialect): sem
- Kashubian: jem
- Old Polish: jeśm (iesm/gesm)[5], jestem
  - Polish: jestem, -m
- Slovak: som
- Sorbian:
  - Upper Sorbian: sym
  - Lower Sorbian: som

References

“ieſem”, in Freising manuscripts, 1005±33, page 8 (3.2/161r), line 38
“iezem”, in Freising manuscripts, 1005±33, page 1 (1.1/78r), line 23
“gezim”, in Freising manuscripts, 1005±33, page 5 (2.3/159v), line 88
Jan Gebauer (1886), “Tvaroslovné výklady a doklady ke slovesům třídy IV, VI a bezpříznakým. Kmeny praesentní bez příznaku.”, in Listy filologické a paedagogické, volume 13, Prague: Jednota českých filologů, Edvard Grégr, page 302
K. Nitsch, editor (1954), “1. Być”, in Słownik staropolski (in Old Polish), volume 1, Warsaw: Polish Academy of Sciences, page 183

Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1979), “*esmь”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological Dictionary of Slavic Languages] (in Russian), issue 6 (*e – *golva), Moscow: Nauka, page 32
Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), “есмь”, in Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), transl. and suppl. by Oleg Trubachyov, Moscow: Progress
Chernykh, P. (1993), “быть”, in Историко-этимологический словарь русского языка [Historical-Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), volume 1 (а – пантомима), 3rd edition, Moscow: Russian Lang., →ISBN, page 129

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[1] “ieſem”, in Freising manuscripts, 1005±33, page 8 (3.2/161r), line 38

[2] “iezem”, in Freising manuscripts, 1005±33, page 1 (1.1/78r), line 23

[3] “gezim”, in Freising manuscripts, 1005±33, page 5 (2.3/159v), line 88

[4] Jan Gebauer (1886), “Tvaroslovné výklady a doklady ke slovesům třídy IV, VI a bezpříznakým. Kmeny praesentní bez příznaku.”, in Listy filologické a paedagogické, volume 13, Prague: Jednota českých filologů, Edvard Grégr, page 302

[5] K. Nitsch, editor (1954), “1. Być”, in Słownik staropolski (in Old Polish), volume 1, Warsaw: Polish Academy of Sciences, page 183