-tu

• IPA^(key): /-tu/

-tu

1. Form of -ytu used after nouns ending in consonants.

• E. M. Parker; R. J. Hayward (1985) An Afar-English-French dictionary (with Grammatical Notes in English), University of London, →ISBN, page 228
• Mohamed Hassan Kamil (2015) L’afar: description grammaticale d’une langue couchitique (Djibouti, Erythrée et Ethiopie)‎, Paris: Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (doctoral thesis)

• -du (see usage notes)

From Latin -tum, a past participle forming suffix. Basque borrowed Latin verbs in their participle form (for example, aditu (“to hear”) from audītum, neuter perfect passive participle of audiō (“I hear”)), with the ending being reinterpreted as a new verb forming suffix.[1]

-tu

1. A verb-forming suffix.

   ‎euskara (“Basque”) + ‎-tu → ‎euskaratu (“to translate into Basque”)

   ‎ohera (“to, towards bed”) + ‎-tu → ‎oheratu (“to go to bed”)

   ‎gehi (“plus”) + ‎-tu → ‎gehitu (“to add”)

2. Used to form adjectives, roughly corresponding to the English past participle forming suffix -ed.

   ‎gehi (“plus”) + ‎-tu → ‎gehitu (“augmented”)

• Takes the form -du after words ending in /l/ or /n/:

  ‎lagun (“friend”) + ‎-tu → ‎lagundu (“to help”)

• This is the only productive verb-forming suffix in modern Basque, having displaced the native suffix -i.
• Verbs taking this suffix have no synthetic forms (with the exception of ezagutu (“to know”)).

From Proto-Finnic *-t'oin. Cognate with Finnish -ton/-tön.

-tu (genitive -tu, partitive -tut, comparative -tum, superlative kõige -tum)

1. -less

• IPA^(key): /-tu(ˣ)/, [-t̪u(ʔ)]

-tu (front vowel harmony variant -ty)

1. Alternative form of -ttu

• -ut

-tu

1. nominalizing suffix deriving agent nouns of feminine gender (see -ti for masculine).

   Abuwagu ― to cook

   Abuwagutu ― chef (female)

-tū

1. ablative singular of -tus

• -atu, -etu, -thu, -tiu

From Proto-Celtic *-tūss (stem *-tūt-; compare Welsh -tid), from Proto-Indo-European *-tuHts (whence Latin -tūs and Gothic -𐌳𐌿𐌸𐍃 (-dūþs)).

-tu m

1. -ness, -ity

• Thurneysen, Rudolf (1940, reprinted 2003), D. A. Binchy and Osborn Bergin, transl., A Grammar of Old Irish, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, →ISBN, § 258, pages 165–66

• þú
• -du, -ðu

-tu (enclitic)

1. enclitic form of þú
   • Haralds saga hins hárfagra 41.

     Nú tóktu svá við sem várr konungr vildi.

   • Lokasenna 24.

     En þik síða kóðu / Samseyju í / ok draptu á vétt sem vǫlur / vitka líki / fórtu verþjóð yfir / ok hugða ek þat args aðal

   ‎skalt (“shalt”) + ‎þú → ‎skaltu (“shalt thou”)

   ‎lát (“let (impr.)”) + ‎þú → ‎láttu (“let (impr.)”)

For reasons related to syntax, as well as Old Norse often explicitly stating the subject of verbs in the imperative, the verb is often followed by the subject pronoun. For þú, this is when it may take on an enclitic form. This is not to say, however, that whenever þú comes after a verb, it will always take an enclitic form. It could well stay separate for the sake of emphasis.

Which one of the variants -du, -ðu and -tu to use, is decided by the same rules that decide which dental suffix to take in the type 1 weak verbs. This form is used after hard consonants.

This feature is also present in modern Icelandic verb conjugation, with its imperative forms with appended personal pronouns (though only in the second person).

• -k

• IPA^(key): /tu/

Form of -tı after the vowels O / U.

1. Derives nouns from verbs, of a result or product of the action, with the suffix -n, which derives Reflexive forms of verbs.
2. Some verb roots either do not have Reflexive forms due to being New Turkish words derived through false analogy or these forms fell off use in modern Turkish.
3. Derives onomatopoeic nouns, with suffixes -ır or -ıl, which derive onomatopoeic verbs in Turkic dialects.
4. Derives nouns with the suffix -ar, which derives intransitive verbs from the names of colors, of an area that turns that color.