-ttu
See also: ttu
Finnish
Etymology
From Proto-Finnic *-ttu, from *-tta- (passive infix) + an uncertain suffix, probably either *-u or *-ut (compare *-nut).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /-tːu(ˣ)/, [-t̪ːu(ʔ)]
Suffix
-ttu (front vowel harmony variant -tty)
- Forms the past passive participle of a verb, which is normally used like an adjective. The English equivalent is normally -ed.
- katsoa (“to see, look, watch”) → katsottu elokuva = a seen film / a watched film (a film that has been seen or watched)
Usage notes
- Some inflected forms have specific uses:
- genitive singular: used with verbs of reporting or observing to refer to the action having been done by someone (passively) according to that report or observation.
- Artikkelia sanotaan luetun paljon Suomen kouluissa.
- It is said that this article has been read a lot in Finnish schools.
- partitive singular:
- used (chiefly) with a possessive suffix for "having done"
- Syötyäni päätin ottaa nokoset.
- Having eaten, I decided to take a nap.
- used with saada to express finishing something, often in the sense of an achievement
- Sain sen syötyä.
- I managed to eat it.
- used with tulla without a possessive suffix to disparagingly talk about something someone has done
- Mitä tuli sanottua?
- What did you (just) say (to me)?
- used (chiefly) with a possessive suffix for "having done"
- genitive singular: used with verbs of reporting or observing to refer to the action having been done by someone (passively) according to that report or observation.
Declension
| Inflection of -ttu (Kotus type 1*C/valo, tt-t gradation) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | -ttu | -tut | |
| genitive | -tun | -ttujen | |
| partitive | -ttua | -ttuja | |
| illative | -ttuun | -ttuihin | |
| singular | plural | ||
| nominative | -ttu | -tut | |
| accusative | nom. | -ttu | -tut |
| gen. | -tun | ||
| genitive | -tun | -ttujen | |
| partitive | -ttua | -ttuja | |
| inessive | -tussa | -tuissa | |
| elative | -tusta | -tuista | |
| illative | -ttuun | -ttuihin | |
| adessive | -tulla | -tuilla | |
| ablative | -tulta | -tuilta | |
| allative | -tulle | -tuille | |
| essive | -ttuna | -ttuina | |
| translative | -tuksi | -tuiksi | |
| instructive | — | -tuin | |
| abessive | -tutta | -tuitta | |
| comitative | — | -ttuine | |
| Possessive forms of -ttu (type valo) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Rare. Only used with substantive adjectives. | ||
| possessor | singular | plural |
| 1st person | -ttuni | -ttumme |
| 2nd person | -ttusi | -ttunne |
| 3rd person | -ttunsa | |
Derived terms
See Category:Finnish past passive participles.
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