Portal:Mexico

	Flag Coat of arms
Location	Southern portion of North America

The Temple of Warriors at Chichen Itza, Mexico

¡Bienvenido! Welcome to the Mexico portal

Mexico (Spanish: México), officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern portion of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; to the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Mexico covers 1,972,550 km² (761,610 sq mi), making it the world's 13th-largest country by area; with a population of over 126 million, it is the 10th-most-populous country and has the most Spanish speakers. Mexico is organized as a federal republic comprising 31 states and Mexico City, its capital. Other major urban areas include Monterrey, Guadalajara, Puebla, Toluca, Tijuana, Ciudad Juárez, and León.

Human presence in Pre-Columbian Mexico goes back to 8,000 BCE and it went to become one of the world's six cradles of civilization. In particular, the Mesoamerican region was home to many intertwined civilizations, including the Olmec, Maya, Zapotec, Teotihuacan, and Purepecha. Last were the Aztecs, who dominated the region in the century before European contact. In 1521, the Spanish Empire and its indigenous allies conquered the Aztec Empire from its capital Tenochtitlan (now Mexico City), establishing the colony of New Spain. (Full article...)

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The Texas Revolution (October 2, 1835 – April 21, 1836) was a rebellion of colonists from the United States and Tejanos (Hispanic Texans) in putting up armed resistance to the centralist government of Mexico. Although the uprising was part of a larger one, the Mexican Federalist War, that included other provinces opposed to the regime of President Antonio López de Santa Anna, the Mexican government believed the United States had instigated the Texas insurrection with the goal of annexation. The Mexican Congress passed the Tornel Decree, declaring that any foreigners fighting against Mexican troops "will be deemed pirates and dealt with as such, being citizens of no nation presently at war with the Republic and fighting under no recognized flag". Only the province of Texas succeeded in breaking with Mexico, establishing the Republic of Texas. It was eventually annexed by the United States.

The revolution began in October 1835, after a decade of political and cultural clashes between the Mexican government and the increasingly large population of Anglo-American settlers in Texas. The Mexican government had become increasingly centralized and the rights of its citizens had become increasingly curtailed, particularly regarding immigration from the United States. Mexico had officially abolished slavery in Texas in 1829, and the desire of Anglo Texans to maintain the institution of chattel slavery in Texas was also a major cause of secession. Colonists and Tejanos disagreed on whether the ultimate goal was independence or a return to the Mexican Constitution of 1824. While delegates at the Consultation (provisional government) debated the war's motives, Texians and a flood of volunteers from the United States defeated the small garrisons of Mexican soldiers by mid-December 1835. The Consultation declined to declare independence and installed an interim government, whose infighting led to political paralysis and a dearth of effective governance in Texas. An ill-conceived proposal to invade Matamoros siphoned much-needed volunteers and provisions from the fledgling Texian Army. In March 1836, a second political convention declared independence and appointed leadership for the new Republic of Texas. (Full article...)

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Laredo–Nuevo Laredo (UN/LOCODE: USLRD & MXNLD) is one of six transborder agglomerations along the U.S.-Mexican border. The city of Laredo is situated in the U.S. state of Texas on the northern bank of the Rio Grande and Nuevo Laredo is located in the Mexican State of Tamaulipas in the southern bank of the river. This area is also known as the Two Laredos or the Laredo Borderplex. The area is made up of one county: Webb County in Texas and three municipalities: Nuevo Laredo Municipality in Tamaulipas, Hidalgo Municipality in Coahuila, Anáhuac Municipality in Nuevo León in Mexico. Two urban areas: the Laredo Metropolitan Statistical Area and the Zona Metropolitana Nuevo Laredo (Nuevo Laredo Metropolitan Zone) three cities and 12 towns make the Laredo–Nuevo Laredo Metropolitan area which has a total of 636,516 inhabitants according to the INEGI Census of 2010 and the United States Census estimate of 2010. The Laredo–Nuevo Laredo is connected by four International Bridges and an International Railway Bridge. According to World Gazetteer this urban agglomeration ranked 157th largest in North and South America in 2010 with an estimated population of 675,481. This area ranks 66th in the United States and 23rd in Mexico. (Full article...)

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Mexican diplomat Patricia Espinosa

image credit: Agência Brasil

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Ángel de Oro in July 2020

Miguel Ángel Chávez Velasco (born August 18, 1988), better known by his ring name Ángel de Oro (Spanish for "Angel of Gold" or "Golden Angel"), is a Mexican professional wrestler who works for the Mexican wrestling promotion Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL). He is currently a double champion in CMLL, as he is the Mexican National Light Heavyweight Champion and the World Tag Team Champion, both in his first reign.

In 2018, he was defeated in a Luchas de Apuestas (mascara contra mascara; "mask vs. mask") match by El Cuatrero, and was forced to unmask and be identified. He is a second-generation luchador, the son of Apolo Chávez and the brother of the luchador Niebla Roja, who also works for CMLL. From 2008 to 2011, Ángel de Oro was part of a group called Los Ángeles Celestiales ("The Celestial Angels") alongside his brother (then billed as Ángel de Plata) and Ángel Azteca Jr., but after his brother changed his ring persona, that group has been phased out. After many years of portraying a tecnico ("Good guy") wrestling character, Ángel de Oro and his brother turned rudo and aligned themselves with El Terrible, eventually forming Los Nuevos Ingobernables. (Full article...)

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Selected biography -

Kahlo in 1932

Magdalena Carmen Frida Kahlo y Calderón (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈfɾiða ˈkalo]; 6 July 1907 – 13 July 1954) was a Mexican painter known for her many portraits, self-portraits, and works inspired by the nature and artifacts of Mexico. Inspired by the country's popular culture, she employed a naïve folk art style to explore questions of identity, postcolonialism, gender, class, and race in Mexican society. Her paintings often had strong autobiographical elements and mixed realism with fantasy. In addition to belonging to the post-revolutionary Mexicayotl movement, which sought to define a Mexican identity, Kahlo has been described as a surrealist or magical realist. She is also known for painting about her experience of chronic pain.

Born to a German father and a mestiza mother, Kahlo spent most of her childhood and adult life at La Casa Azul, her family home in Coyoacán – now publicly accessible as the Frida Kahlo Museum. Although she was disabled by polio as a child, Kahlo had been a promising student headed for medical school until being injured in a bus accident at the age of 18, which caused her lifelong pain and medical problems. During her recovery, she returned to her childhood interest in art with the idea of becoming an artist. (Full article...)

List of selected biographies
Vicente Fox Porfirio Díaz Juan Diego Emiliano Zapata Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla Cantinflas Pancho Villa Antonio López de Santa Anna Chespirito Agustín de Iturbide Maximilian I of Mexico Benito Juárez Carlos Slim Diego Rivera Francisco I. Madero Juana Inés de la Cruz Carlos Salinas de Gortari Miguel de la Madrid

In the news

1 April 2023 –: Two people are killed and another is injured after a hot air balloon catches fire near Teotihuacan, State of Mexico, Mexico. (AP)
28 March 2023 – Ciudad Juárez migrant center fire: Central and South American detainees at a migrant center in Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, Mexico, deliberately set fire to their mattresses, killing 38 people and injuring 28 others. (AP)
9 March 2023 – 2023 Matamoros kidnappings: Mexico's Gulf Cartel surrenders five purported perpetrators of last weekend's kidnapping of four U.S. citizens in Matamoros, Tamaulipas, and offers an apology to the victims, their families, and society in general. (BBC News)
7 March 2023 – 2023 Matamoros kidnappings: Two Americans are found dead, and two alive, after they had been kidnapped in Matamoros, Tamaulipas, Mexico, four days earlier. (BBC News)
25 February 2023 – Mexico–Peru relations, 2022–2023 Peruvian protests: Mexico says that it will maintain its ambassador in Peru despite the latter withdrawing its ambassador from Mexico in protest of Mexican President Andrés Manuel López Obrador's support of former Peruvian President Pedro Castillo. (Reuters)

Selected fare or cuisine -

Grapes during pigmentation in Valle de Guadalupe, Baja California.

Mexican wine and wine making began with the arrival of the Spanish in the 16th century, when they brought vines from Europe to modern day Mexico, the oldest wine-growing region in the Americas. Although there were indigenous grapes before the Spanish conquest, the Spaniards found that Spanish grapevines also did very well in the colony of New Spain (Mexico) and by the 17th century wine exports from Spain to the New World fell. In 1699, Charles II of Spain prohibited wine making in Mexico, with the exception of wine for Church purposes. From then until Mexico’s Independence, wine was produced in Mexico only on a small scale.

After Independence, wine making for personal purposes was no longer prohibited and production rose, especially in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Many other European immigrant groups helped with the comeback of wine in Mexico. However, the Mexican Revolution set back wine production, especially in the north of the country. Wine production in Mexico has been rising in both quantity and quality since the 1980s, although competition from foreign wines and 40% tax on the product makes competing difficult within Mexico. Mexico is not traditionally a wine-drinking country, but rather prefers beer, tequila and mezcal. Interest in Mexican wine, especially in the major cities and tourists areas (along with the introduction into the US on a small scale), has grown along with Mexican wines’ reputation throughout the world. Many Mexican companies have received numerous awards. Various wine producers from Mexico have won international awards for their products. In 2020, the wine Don Leo Gran Reserva Cabernet Sauvignon won gold in the International Cabernet competition (CIDC) and the trophy for the world's best Cabernet. The wine is produced in Parras, Coahuila in the Northwestern region of Mexico. (Full article...)

List of fare/cuisine articles
Mexican cuisine Cuisine of Chiapas Cuisine of Veracruz Crema (dairy product) Aztec cuisine Oaxacan cuisine Mole sauce Guacamole Enchilada Mexican breads Nachos Burrito Mexican street food Pozole Cheeses of Mexico Taco Pan dulce Sopa de fideo Tostilocos Beer in Mexico Calavera Champurrado Mexican Coke Menudo (soup)

General images

The following are images from various Mexico-related articles on Wikipedia.

Image 1A map of Mexico 1845 after Texas annexation by U.S. (from History of Mexico)
Image 2Buffalo Soldiers of the American 10th Cavalry Regiment taken prisoner during the Battle of Carrizal, Mexico in 1916. (from History of Mexico)
Image 3Club América vs Cruz Azul at the Estadio Azteca. (from Culture of Mexico)
Image 4Spanish and Portuguese empires in 1790 (from History of Mexico)
Image 5El Chapo in US custody after his extradition from Mexico. (from History of Mexico)
Image 6Mural by Diego Rivera at the National Palace depicting the history of Mexico from the Conquest to early 20th century. (from Culture of Mexico)
Image 7Moctezuma Xocoyotzin was the ninth tlatoani or ruler of Tenochtitlan, reigning from 1502 to 1520. The first contact between indigenous civilizations of Mesoamerica and Europeans took place during his reign, and he was killed during the initial stages of the Spanish conquest of Mexico, when Conquistador Hernán Cortés and his men fought to escape from the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan.
Image 8Equestrian statue of Charles IV in Mexico City, the king was the maximum authority of the Viceroyalty of New Spain (from History of Mexico)
Image 9Entry into Mexico City by the Mexican army. (from History of Mexico)
Image 10President Obregón. Note that he lost his right arm in the Battle of Celaya (1915), earning him the nickname of Manco de Celaya ("the one-armed man of Celaya"). (from History of Mexico)
Image 11"The Torture of Cuauhtémoc", a 19th-century painting by Leandro Izaguirre (from History of Mexico)
Image 12Chacmool, Maya, from the Platform of the Eagles, Chichen Itza, Mexico, ca. 800–90 CE. Stone, 4' 10.5" high. National Museum of Anthropology, Mexico city. Chacmools represent fallen warriors reclining on their backs with receptacles on their chests to receive sacrificial offerings. Excavators discovered one in the burial chamber inside the Castilloyo (from History of Mexico)
Image 13The identities of the Olmec colossal are uncertain, but their individualized features and distinctive headgear, as well as later Maya practice, suggest that these heads portray rulers rather than deities. (from History of Mexico)
Image 14Porfirio Díaz (from History of Mexico)
Image 15Gilberto Bosques Saldívar took initiative to rescue tens of thousands of Jews and Spanish Republican exiles from being deported to Nazi Germany or Spain. (from History of Mexico)
Image 16The American occupation of Mexico City. (from History of Mexico)
Image 17Battle of Miahuatlán (from History of Mexico)
Image 18Francisco I. Madero, Emiliano Zapata, June 12, 1911, in Cuernavaca (from History of Mexico)
Image 19Battle of Centla, first time a horse was used in battle in a war in the Americas. Mural in the Palacio Municipal of Paraíso, Tabasco (from History of Mexico)
Image 20El Valle de México, s. XIX (The Valley of Mexico). (from Culture of Mexico)
Image 21Leaders of the 1910 revolt pose for a photo after the First Battle of Juárez. Present are José María Pino Suárez, Venustiano Carranza, Francisco I. Madero (and his father), Pascual Orozco, Pancho Villa, Gustavo Madero, Raul Madero, Abraham González, and Giuseppe Garibaldi Jr. (from History of Mexico)
Image 22Colossal atlantids, pyramid B, Toltec, Tula, Mexico, ca. 900–1180 CE. Stone, each 16' high. The colossal statue-columns of Tula portraying warriors armed with darts and spear-throwers reflect the military regime of the Toltecs, whose arrival in central Mexico coincided with the decline of the Maya. (from History of Mexico)
Image 23The Castillo, Chichen Itza, Mexico, ca. 800–900 CE. A temple to Kukulkan sits atop this pyramid with a total of 365 stairs on its four sides. At the spring and fall equinoxes, the sun casts a shadow in the shape of a serpent along the northern staircase. (from History of Mexico)
Image 24Chihuahua Cathedral and a monument to the city's founder, Antonio Deza y Ulloa (from History of Mexico)
Image 25Maximilian receiving a Mexican delegation at Miramare Castle in Trieste. Painting by Cesare dell'Acqua (1821-1905). (from History of Mexico)
Image 26Cabinet Officers of Andrés Manuel López Obrador (left) and of Enrique Peña Nieto (right). (from History of Mexico)
Image 27US President George W. Bush, Fox and Canada's Prime Minister Stephen Harper stand in front of "El Castillo", Chichen Itza on Thursday, March 30, 2006. (from History of Mexico)
Image 28A painting of the American assault on the Chapultepec Castle. (from History of Mexico)
Image 29Goddess, mural painting from the Tetitla apartment complex at Teotihuacan, Mexico, 650–750 CE. Pigments over clay and plaster. Elaborate mural paintings adorned Teotihuacan's elite residential compound. This example may depict the city's principal deity, a goddess wearing a jade mask and a large feathered headdress. (from History of Mexico)
Image 30Leon Trotsky in Mexico, 1938 (from History of Mexico)
Image 31Teotihuacan view of the Avenue of the Dead and the Pyramid of the Sun, from the Pyramid of the Moon. At its peak around 600 CE, Teotihuacan was the sixth-largest city in the world. It featured a rational grid plan and a two-mile-long main avenue. Its monumental pyramids echo the shapes of surrounding mountains. (from History of Mexico)
Image 32Lithograph depicting head and shoulders of General Santa Anna. (from History of Mexico)
Image 33Logo of Nacional Financiera (NAFIN), the state development bank. (from History of Mexico)
Image 34Three world leaders: (background, left to right) Mexican President Carlos Salinas de Gortari, U.S. President George H. W. Bush, and Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney, observe the signing of the North American Free Trade Agreement. Commenced in San Antonio, Texas, on December 17, 1992. (from History of Mexico)
Image 35In the San Juanico Disaster, six of these spherical type liquid petroleum gas (LPG) containers exploded into huge fireballs killing 500–600 people and causing severe burns in 5000–7000 others. (from History of Mexico)
Image 36Subcomandante Marcos (from History of Mexico)
Image 37Battle of Ixmiquilpan occurred on September 25, 1866. between 350 soldiers of the Belgian Legion and Juarista forces, ending the battle with the victory of the latter. (from History of Mexico)
Image 38Modern group monument of Cortés, Doña Marina, and their mestizo son Martín (from History of Mexico)
Image 39Logo of the Partido Nacional Revolucionario, with the colors of the Mexican flag (from History of Mexico)
Image 40President Felipe Calderón with President of Brazil Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva. (from History of Mexico)
Image 41Mexico City street market (from History of Mexico)
Image 42The National film library. (from Culture of Mexico)
Image 43Print of Iturbide as Emperor of Mexico (from History of Mexico)
Image 44Panel 3 from Cancuen, Guatemala, representing king T'ah 'ak' Cha'an. (from History of Mexico)
Image 45The Mexican Revolution (1910-1920), which overthrew Porfirio Díaz and destroyed the Mexican Federal Army (from History of Mexico)
Image 46Mexican Army troops in the Zócalo in the 1968 Tlatelolco massacre. (from History of Mexico)
Image 47Lázaro Cárdenas mural (from History of Mexico)
Image 48Plutarco Elías Calles, president of Mexico 1924–28, and power behind the presidency during the Maximato when he did not hold formal power (from History of Mexico)
Image 49The painting "Surrender of Santa Anna" by William Henry Huddle shows the Mexican president and general surrendering to a wounded Sam Houston in 1836. (from History of Mexico)
Image 50U.S. President Barack Obama and Mexican President-Elect Enrique Peña Nieto during their meet at the White House following Peña Nieto's election victory. (from History of Mexico)
Image 51A unit of Cristeros preparing for battle. (from History of Mexico)
Image 52"The Fall of the Alamo" by Robert Jenkins Onderdonk. (from History of Mexico)
Image 53Victoriano Huerta, ruler of Mexico from 1913 to 1914. (from History of Mexico)
Image 54Viceroy José de Iturrigaray, overthrown in a coup d'état by peninsular conspirators in 1808 (from History of Mexico)
Image 55Mexican Central Railway train at station, Mexico. (from History of Mexico)
Image 56Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz by Friar Miguel de Herrera (1700–1789) (from History of Mexico)
Image 57Comanchería, territory controlled by the Comaches, prior to 1850. (from History of Mexico)
Image 58A pilot standing in front of his P-47D with a maintenance crew after a combat mission in the Battle of Luzon (from History of Mexico)
Image 59Dining table, painted between 1857 y 1859, oleo sobre tela (oil on canvas) by Agustín Arrieta (from Culture of Mexico)
Image 60Flag and coat of arms of the Mexican Empire superimposed a map of its territorial limits. Note the crown on the eagle. (from History of Mexico)
Image 61Cerro del Cubilete ("Dice Cup Hill"). At the top of the hill is the Cristo Rey (Christ the King) statue. (from Culture of Mexico)
Image 62Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata, December 6, 1914. Villa is sitting on the presidential throne in the Palacio Nacional at the left. (from History of Mexico)
Image 63The dahlia was declared the national flower of Mexico in 1963. (from Culture of Mexico)
Image 64The first Braceros arrive in Los Angeles by train in 1942. Photograph by Dorothea Lange. (from History of Mexico)
Image 65Rebel soldiers moving by rail during the Mexican Revolution. (from History of Mexico)
Image 66A detachment of Rurales during the Porfiriato (from History of Mexico)
Image 67Pear, Quince and Psidium cajeta. In 2010 declared the Bicentennial Dessert of Mexico. (from Culture of Mexico)
Image 68Plaza de la Constitución (Constitution Square) The "Zocalo" (from Culture of Mexico)
Image 69Making cigarettes in the El Buen Tono factory, Mexico City (from History of Mexico)
Image 701985 Mexico City earthquake (from History of Mexico)
Image 71The Execution of Emperor Maximilian, 19 June 1867. Gen. Tomás Mejía, left, Maximiian, center, Gen. Miguel Miramón, right. Painting by Édouard Manet 1868. (from History of Mexico)
Image 72General Pancho Villa at the entrance of Ojinaga (from History of Mexico)
Image 73A 20th-century mural by Diego Rivera depicting Spaniards' exploitation of indigenous labor (from History of Mexico)
Image 74Miguel Hidalgo with a banner with the Virgin of Guadalupe (from History of Mexico)
Image 75President Carranza in La Cañada, Querétaro, January 22, 1916. (from History of Mexico)
Image 76Alegoría de la Constitución de 1857, Petronilo Monroy, 1869. (from History of Mexico)
Image 77Ignacio Comonfort (from History of Mexico)
Image 78Variegated maize ears (from History of Mexico)
Image 79A statue of a Chichimeca Warrior in the city off Querétaro (from History of Mexico)
Image 80Shield Jaguar and Lady Xoc, Maya, lintel 24 of temple 23, Yaxchilan, Mexico, ca. 725 ce. Limestone, 3'7" × 2' 6.5". British Museum, London. The Maya built vast complexes of temples, palaces, and plazas and decorated many with painted reliefs. (from History of Mexico)
Image 81President Vicente Fox with Prime Minister of India Manmohan Singh. (from History of Mexico)
Image 82Battle of Tampico (1829) (from History of Mexico)
Image 83A rebel camp. (from History of Mexico)
Image 841903. The slogan on the protest banner reads: "The Constitution has died" (La Constitución ha muerto). (from History of Mexico)
Image 85Ingredients at a market in Mexico City, including quintoniles, huauzontle, huitlacoche, and squash flowers. (from History of Mexico)

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