Provincial governments of Nepal

The provinces of Nepal are governed by provincial governments which form the second level of governance in the country; after the federal government. The provincial governments are established, and their structure is defined by Part 13 of the Constitution of Nepal.

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Legislature
Main article: Provincial Assembly (Nepal)

Each province has a unicameral provincial legislature, varying in size according to the population of the province. The members are elected through first-past-the-post voting and party-list proportional representation for a term of five years, unless dissolved sooner. The first provincial election was held in 2017.

The provincial assemblies are presided over by the Speaker who is elected from amongst the members of the assembly and is not a part of the debates. The speaker is helped by a Deputy Speaker who is also elected from amongst the members. At least one of the Speaker or the Deputy Speaker must be a woman and they must not belong to the same party unless only one party is represented in the assembly.[1] Nanda Gurung is the first and only woman to be elected as the speaker of a provincial assembly. She is currently serving as the Speaker of Karnali Provincial Assembly having been elected in 2023.[2]

The governors of the provinces have the power to summon and prorogue the sessions of the assembly pursuant to the Constitution. The interval between two consecutive sessions of the assemblies cannot exceed six months. If one-fourth of the total members of an assembly make a petition during a prorogation or recess of the assembly, the governor must call a session or a meeting.[3]

Assembly Meeting place Seats Speaker Deputy Speaker Term
Koshi Pradesh Biratnagar, Morang 93 Baburam Gautam Sirjana Danuwar 2nd Assembly
Madhesh Province Janakpur, Dhanusha 107 Ram Chandra Mandal Babita Devi Raut Ishar 2nd Assembly
Bagmati Province Hetauda, Makwanpur 110 Bhuwan Kumar Pathak Apsara Chapagai 2nd Assembly
Gandaki Province Pokhara, Kaski 60 Krishna Prasad Dhital Bina Kumari Thapa 2nd Assembly
Lumbini Province Bhalubang, Dang 87 Tularam Gharti Magar Menuka Khand K.C. 2nd Assembly
Karnali Province Birendranagar, Surkhet 40 Nanda Gurung Yashoda Neupane 2nd Assembly
Sudurpashchim Province Godawari, Kailali 53 Bhim Bahadur Bhandari Koili Devi Chaudhary 2nd Assembly

Executive
See also: Chief minister (Nepal) and Governor (Nepal)
Ruling party by province, as of 10 February 2023.

The executive power of a province is vested in the provincial cabinet. If a cabinet does not exist, the executive power is exercised by the governor of the province.[4]

The head of the provincial cabinet is the chief minister. The governor appoints the leader of the parliamentary party that commands a majority, either alone or with the support of one or more parties, in the provincial assembly as the chief minister. The governor appoints members to the provincial cabinet on the recommendation of the chief minister. The members of the provincial cabinet are responsible for the various departments of the provincial administration. A provincial cabinet can only consist of a maximum of 20% of the total number of members of the provincial assembly.[5] A non-member of a provincial assembly can be appointed as a minister in the cabinet, but must obtain membership of the assembly within six months of their appointment.[6]

The assembly can force the resignation of the chief minister with a vote of no confidence.[7]

Province Chief Minister Party Took office Cabinet
Koshi Hikmat Kumar Karki CPN (UML) 9 January 2023[8] Karki
Madhesh Saroj Kumar Yadav PSP-N 13 January 2023[9] Yadav
Bagmati Shalikram Jamkattel Maoist Centre 10 January 2023[10] Jamkattel
Gandaki Khagaraj Adhikari CPN (UML) 9 January 2023[11] Adhikari
Lumbini Leela Giri CPN (UML) 12 January 2023[12] Giri
Karnali Raj Kumar Sharma Maoist Centre 12 January 2023[13] Sharma
Sudurpashchim Kamal Bahadur Shah Nepali Congress 10 February 2023[14] Shah

Cabinet of Koshi
Main article: Cabinet of Koshi Pradesh
S.N. Portfolio Holder Party Took office
Cabinet ministers
1 Chief Minister
Minister for Internal Affairs and Law
Minister for Economic Affairs and Planning		 Hikmat Kumar Karki CPN (UML) 9 January 2023[15][16]
2 Minister for Drinking Water, Irrigation and Energy Til Kumar Menyangbo CPN (UML) 9 January 2023[15][16]
3 Minister for Social Development Buddhi Kumar Rajbhandari CPN (UML) 13 January 2023[17][16]
4 Minister for Tourism, Forests and Environment Jeevan Acharya Maoist Centre 13 January 2023[18][16]
5 Minister for Transport Infrastructure and Urban Development Durga Prasad Chapagain Maoist Centre 13 January 2023[19][16]
6 Minister for Industry, Agriculture and Co-Operatives Bhakti Prasad Sitaula RPP 9 January 2023[15][16]
7 Minister for Health Nirmala Limbu PSP-N 9 January 2023[15][16]

Cabinet of Madhesh Province
S.N. Portfolio Holder Party Took office
Cabinet ministers
1 Chief Minister Saroj Kumar Yadav PSP-N 13 January 2023[20]
2 Minister for Physical Infrastructure Development Saroj Kumar Yadav CPN (UML) 13 January 2023[20][21]
3 Minister for Economic Affairs Sanjay Kumar Yadav PSP-N 13 January 2023[20][21]
4 Minister for Land Management, Agriculture and Cooperatives Basanta Kushwaha Janamat Party 13 January 2023[20][21]
5 Minister for Education, Science and Technology Mahesh Prasad Yadav Janamat Party 3 February 2023[22]
6 Minister for Social Development Surita Kumari Sah PSP-N 3 February 2023[22]
7 Minister for Home Affairs and Communication Satrudhan Prasad Singh CPN (UML) 3 February 2023[22]
8 Minister for Water Supply and Energy Development Singhasan Sah Kalwar PSP-N 3 February 2023[22]
9 Minister for Law, Justice and Provincial Affairs Raj Kumar Lekhi CPN (UML) 3 February 2023[22]
10 Minister for Women, Children, Youth and Sports Mohammad Zaid Alam CPN (UML) 3 February 2023[22]
11 Minister for Industry, Tourism and Forest Sunita Yadav CPN (Maoist Centre) 7 February 2023[23]
State ministers
13 State minister for Social Development Sheikh Abul Kalam Azad PSP-N 3 February 2023[22]
13 State minister for Home Affairs and Communications Keshav Raya CPN (UML) 3 February 2023[22]
14 State minister for Land Management, Agriculture and Cooperatives Sanjay Kumar Yadav Janamat Party 3 February 2023[22]
15 State minister for Industry, Tourism and Forest Rahbar Ansari CPN (Maoist Centre) 7 February 2023[23]

Cabinet of Bagmati Province
S.N. Portfolio Name Party Took office
Cabinet ministers
1 Chief Minister Shalikram Jamkattel Maoist Centre 10 January 2023[24]
2 Minister for Economic Affairs and Planning
3 Minister for Drinking Water, Energy and Irrigation
4 Minister for Physical Infrastructure Development Yuvaraj Dulal Maoist Centre 25 January 2023[25]
5 Minister for Internal Affairs and Law Ganga Narayan Shrestha Nepal Socialist Party 25 January 2023[25]
6 Minister for Social Development Kumari Moktan Maoist Centre 25 January 2023[25]
7 Minister for Agriculture and Livestock Development
8 Minister for Health
9 Minister for Labour, Employment and Transportation
10 Minister for Tourism, Industry and Co-operatives
11 Minister for Forest and Environment

Cabinet of Gandaki Province
S.N. Portfolio Holder Party Took office
Cabinet ministers
1 Chief Minister Khagaraj Adhikari CPN (UML) 9 January 2023[11]
2 Minister for Economic Affairs Sita Sundas CPN (UML) 9 January 2023[11]
3 Minister for Physical Infrastructure Development and Transportation
4 Minister for Social Development and Health Pancharam Gurung RPP 9 January 2023[11]
5 Minister for Internal Affairs and Law Roshan Bahadur Gaha CPN (UML) 24 January 2023[26]
6 Minister for Agriculture, Energy and Water Resources Bed Bahadur Gurung CPN (UML) 24 January 2023[26]
7 Minister for Industry, Tourism, Forest and Environment

Cabinet of Lumbini Province
S.N. Portfolio Holder Party Took office
Cabinet ministers
1 Chief Minister Leela Giri CPN (UML) 12 January 2023[27]
2 Minister for Water Supply, Rural and Urban Development Chet Narayan Acharya CPN (UML) 12 January 2023[27]
3 Minister for Health Bishnu Prasad Panthi CPN (UML) 13 February 2023[28][29]
4 Minister for Forests and Environment Durga Prasad Chaudhary CPN (UML) 13 February 2023[28][29]
5 Minister for Industry, Tourism and Transport Management Janaki Prasad Yadav RPP 13 February 2023[28][29]
6 Minister for Agriculture and Land Management Tulasiram Sharma RPP 13 February 2023[28][29]
7 Minister for Economic Affairs
8 Minister for Social Development
9 Minister for Physical Infrastructure Development
10 Minister for Interior Affairs and Law

Cabinet of Karnali Province
S.N. Portfolio Holder Party Took office
Cabinet ministers
1 Chief Minister Raj Kumar Sharma Maoist Centre 12 January 2023[30]
2 Minister for Physical Infrastructure, Energy and Water Resources Mangal Bahadur Shahi Maoist Centre 12 January 2023[30]
3 Minister for Economic Affairs Binod Kumar Shah CPN (UML) 12 January 2023[30]
4 Minister for Interior Affairs and Law Krishna Bahadur G.C. Maoist Centre 25 January 2023[31]
5 Minister for Land Management, Agriculture and Cooperatives Bhim Prakash Sharma Maoist Centre 25 January 2023[31]
6 Minister for Social Development Tekraj Pachhai CPN (UML) 25 January 2023[31]
7 Minister for Industry, Tourism, Forest and Environment Jeet Bahadur Malla CPN (UML) 25 January 2023[31]

Cabinet of Sudurpashchim Province
S.N. Portfolio Name Party Took office
Cabinet ministers
1 Chief Minister Kamal Bahadur Shah Nepali Congress 10 February 2023[32]
2 Minister for Physical Infrastructure Development Prakash Bahadur Deuba Nepali Congress 10 February 2023[32]
3 Minister for Economic Affairs Naresh Shahi Unified Socialist 10 February 2023[32]
4 Minister for Interior Affairs and Law
5 Minister for Land Management, Agriculture and Cooperatives
6 Minister for Social Development
7 Minister for Industry, Tourism, Forest and Environment

Judiciary

The former appellate courts were changed into High Courts after the adoption of the new constitution.[33]

High Courts of Nepal
S.N. High Court Jurisdiction Primary seat Chief Judge Website
1 Biratnagar High Court (Province 1) Morang District, Sunsari District, and Udaypur District Biratnagar Til Prasad Shrestha[34] Biratnagar High Court
2 Janakpur High Court (Madhesh) Dhanusha District, Mahottari District, and Sarlahi District Janakpur Binod Sharma (Acting) Janakpur High Court
3 Patan High Court (Bagmati) Kathmandu District, Lalitpur District, Bhaktapur District, Rasuwa District, Nuwakot District, Kavrepalanchowk District, Sindhupalchowk District, Dolakha District, Ramechhap District, Sindhuli District, and Dhading District Lalitpur Nripa Dhoj Niraula Patan High Court
4 Pokhara High Court (Gandaki) Kaski District, Lamjung District, Tanahu District, Manang District, Gorkha District, Syangja District, and Nawalpur District Pokhara Ramesh Pokharel Pokhara High Court
5 Tulsipur High Court (Lumbini) Dang District, Pyuthan District, Rolpa District and Eastern Rukum District Tulsipur Nita Gautam Dixit Tulsipur High Court
6 Surkhet High Court (Karnali) Surkhet District, Salyan District, West Rukum District, Dailekh District and Jajarkot District Birendranagar Sheshraj Shiwakoti (Acting) Surkhet High Court
7 Dipayal High Court (Sudurpashchim) Bajura District, Bajhang District, Achham District, Doti District, and Kailali District Dipayal Tej Bahadur Karki (Acting) Dipayal High Court

Additional Benches and Extended Benches of Nepal

S.N. High Court Additional and Extended Benches Jurisdiction Primary seat Senior-most Judge
1 Biratnagar High Court Ilam Bench Jhapa District, Ilam District, Panchthar District, and Taplejung District Illam Premraj Karki
2 Biratnagar High Court Dhankuta Bench Dhankuta District, Terathum District, Sankhuwasabha District, and Bhojpur District Dhankuta Pusparaj Koirala
3 Biratnagar High Court Okhaldhunga Bench Okhaldhunga District, Khotang District, and Solukhumbhu District Okhaldhunga Thakur Prasad Sharma Poudel
4 Janakpur High Court Rajbiraj Bench Saptari District and Siraha District Rajbiraj Diliraj Acharya
5 Janakpur High Court Birgunj Bench Parsa District, Bara District and Rautahat District Birgunj Sharanga Subedi
6 Patan High Court Hetauda Bench Chitwan District and Makwanpur District Hetauda Mohammad Shabir Hussain
7 Pokhara High Court Baglung Bench Baglung District, Parbat District, Myagdi District and Mustang District Baglung Dwarikaman Joshi
8 Tulsipur High Court Butwal Bench Rupandehi District, Nawalparasi District, Kapilvastu District, Gulmi District, Palpa District, and Arghakhanchi District Butwal Shivaraj Adhikari
9 Tulsipur High Court Nepalgunj Bench Banke District and Bardiya District Nepalgunj Dr. Ratna Bahadur Bagchand
10 Surkhet High Court Jumla Bench Jumla District, Kalikot District, Humla District, Mugu District, and Dolpa District Jumla Gunaraj Dhungel
11 Dipayal High Court Mahendranagar Bench Kanchanpur District, Darchula District, Baitadi District and Dadeldhura District Bhimdatta Prabha Basnet

    See also

    References
    1. Article 182 of the Constitution of Nepal (2015)
    2. "Karnali elects Nepal's first woman provincial Speaker". kathmandupost.com. Retrieved 2023-01-20.
    3. Article 183 of the Constitution of Nepal (2015)
    4. Article 162, Section 13 of the Constitution of Nepal (2015)
    5. Article 168, Section 13 of the Constitution of Nepal (2015)
    6. Article 170, Section 13 of the Constitution of Nepal (2015)
    7. Article 169, Section 13 of the Constitution of Nepal (2015)
    8. "Province 1 Chief Minister Karki takes oath of office". Khabarhub. Retrieved 2023-01-10.
    9. "JSP provincial assembly leader Saroj Kumar Yadav appointed Madhesh province chief minister". kathmandupost.com. Retrieved 2023-01-11.
    10. "Jammakattel appointed chief minister of Bagmati province". kathmandupost.com. Retrieved 2023-01-09.
    11. "Gandaki chief minister Adhikari takes oath of office and secrecy". kathmandupost.com. Retrieved 2023-01-10.
    12. "UML's Leela Giri stakes claim for Lumbini chief ministership". kathmandupost.com. Retrieved 2023-01-11.
    13. "Maoist Centre's Raj Kumar Sharma appointed Karnali Province chief minister". kathmandupost.com. Retrieved 2023-01-11.
    14. "Congress in power in Sudurpaschim". kathmandupost.com. Retrieved 2023-02-10.
    15. Subedi, Binod. "CM and 3 ministers take oath in Province 1". My Republica. Retrieved 2023-01-10.
    16. "प्रदेश १ का मन्त्रीहरुले पाए मन्त्रालय, जीवनलाई पर्यटन, भक्तिलाई उद्योग". Online Khabar. Retrieved 2023-01-20.
    17. Republica. "Province 1 gov expansion: Three ministers from Maoist Center inducted in cabinet". My Republica. Retrieved 2023-01-15.
    18. Republica. "Province 1 gov expansion: Three ministers from Maoist Center inducted in cabinet". My Republica. Retrieved 2023-01-15.
    19. Republica. "Province 1 gov expansion: Three ministers from Maoist Center inducted in cabinet". My Republica. Retrieved 2023-01-15.
    20. "मधेस प्रदेशमा मुख्यमन्त्री र ३ मन्त्रीले लिए शपथ". ekantipur.com (in Nepali). Retrieved 2023-01-13.
    21. "मधेस प्रदेस : तीन बिनाविभागीय मन्त्रीले पाए जिम्मेवारी". ekantipur.com (in Nepali). Retrieved 2023-01-24.
    22. "Madhesh Chief Minister Yadav expands Cabinet; inducts six ministers, three state ministers". kathmandupost.com. Retrieved 2023-02-03.
    23. News, Nepal. "Madhes state government got perfection". nepalnews.com. Retrieved 2023-03-28. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
    24. Adhikari, Ganesh Darpan. "Bagmati CM Jamkattel takes oath". My Republica. Retrieved 2023-01-10.
    25. "Bagmati Cabinet gets full shape". kathmandupost.com. Retrieved 2023-01-25.
    26. "Gandaki Chief Minister gives full shape to Cabinet". kathmandupost.com. Retrieved 2023-01-24.
    27. "Lumbini Province Chief Minister Leela Giri takes oath of office and secrecy". kathmandupost.com. Retrieved 2023-01-12.
    28. "Lumbini Provincial Ministers to be sworn-in today". GorakhaPatra. Retrieved 2023-02-17.
    29. "New ministers appointed in Lumbini Province". kathmandupost.com. Retrieved 2023-02-17.
    30. "Karnali Chief Minister Sharma, two ministers sworn in". kathmandupost.com. Retrieved 2023-01-12.
    31. "Karnali Chief Minister Sharma inducts four new ministers". kathmandupost.com. Retrieved 2023-01-25.
    32. "सुदूरपश्चिमका मुख्यमन्त्री र दुई मन्त्रीले लिए शपथ". ekantipur.com (in Nepali). Retrieved 2023-02-10.
    33. "Govt designates all 7 high courts". My Republica. Retrieved 2018-03-31.
    34. "High court overrules lower court's order to release Giri on bail". The Himalayan Times. 2020-01-24. Retrieved 2020-11-10.
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