viha
Estonian
Etymology
From Proto-Finnic *viha.
Inflection
Inflection of viha (ÕS type 17/elu, no gradation)
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | viha | vihad |
| accusative | viha | vihad |
| genitive | viha | vihade |
| partitive | viha | vihasid |
| illative | vihha vihasse |
vihadesse |
| inessive | vihas | vihades |
| elative | vihast | vihadest |
| allative | vihale | vihadele |
| adessive | vihal | vihadel |
| ablative | vihalt | vihadelt |
| translative | vihaks | vihadeks |
| terminative | vihani | vihadeni |
| essive | vihana | vihadena |
| abessive | vihata | vihadeta |
| comitative | vihaga | vihadega |
Finnish
Etymology
From Proto-Finnic *viha, from earlier *wiša, from an Indo-Iranian language (cf. Proto-Indo-Iranian *dwiša). Cognates within Uralic include Estonian viha, Northern Sami vašši, Erzya ожо (ožo, “yellow”) and Udmurt вож (vož).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈʋihɑ/, [ˈʋiɦɑ]
- Rhymes: -ihɑ
- Syllabification(key): vi‧ha
Noun
viha
Declension
| Inflection of viha (Kotus type 9/kala, no gradation) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | viha | vihat | |
| genitive | vihan | vihojen | |
| partitive | vihaa | vihoja | |
| illative | vihaan | vihoihin | |
| singular | plural | ||
| nominative | viha | vihat | |
| accusative | nom. | viha | vihat |
| gen. | vihan | ||
| genitive | vihan | vihojen vihainrare | |
| partitive | vihaa | vihoja | |
| inessive | vihassa | vihoissa | |
| elative | vihasta | vihoista | |
| illative | vihaan | vihoihin | |
| adessive | vihalla | vihoilla | |
| ablative | vihalta | vihoilta | |
| allative | vihalle | vihoille | |
| essive | vihana | vihoina | |
| translative | vihaksi | vihoiksi | |
| instructive | — | vihoin | |
| abessive | vihatta | vihoitta | |
| comitative | — | vihoineen | |
| Possessive forms of viha (type kala) | ||
|---|---|---|
| possessor | singular | plural |
| 1st person | vihani | vihamme |
| 2nd person | vihasi | vihanne |
| 3rd person | vihansa | |
Derived terms
- adjectives: vihainen
- verbs: vihata, vihastua, vihoitella
- adverbs: vihoissaan
References
- Häkkinen, Kaisa (2004) Nykysuomen etymologinen sanakirja [Modern Finnish Etymological Dictionary] (in Finnish), Juva: WSOY, →ISBN
Ingrian
Pronunciation
- (Ala-Laukaa) IPA(key): /ˈʋihɑ/, [ˈʋihɑ]
- (Soikkola) IPA(key): /ˈʋihɑ/, [ˈʋihɑ]
- Rhymes: -ihɑ
- Hyphenation: vi‧ha
Declension
| Declension of viha (type 3/kana, no gradation, gemination) | ||
|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | |
| nominative | viha | vihat |
| genitive | vihan | vihhoin |
| partitive | vihhaa | vihoja |
| illative | vihhaa | vihhoi |
| inessive | vihas | vihois |
| elative | vihast | vihoist |
| allative | vihalle | vihoille |
| adessive | vihal | vihoil |
| ablative | vihalt | vihoilt |
| translative | vihaks | vihoiks |
| essive | vihanna, vihhaan | vihoinna, vihhoin |
| exessive1) | vihant | vihoint |
| 1) obsolete *) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl) **) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka? or -kä? to the genitive. | ||
References
- Ruben E. Nirvi (1971) Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 664
Veps
Etymology
From Proto-Finnic *viha.
Inflection
| Inflection of viha (inflection type 5/sana) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative sing. | viha | ||
| genitive sing. | vihan | ||
| partitive sing. | vihad | ||
| partitive plur. | vihoid | ||
| singular | plural | ||
| nominative | viha | vihad | |
| accusative | vihan | vihad | |
| genitive | vihan | vihoiden | |
| partitive | vihad | vihoid | |
| essive-instructive | vihan | vihoin | |
| translative | vihaks | vihoikš | |
| inessive | vihas | vihoiš | |
| elative | vihaspäi | vihoišpäi | |
| illative | vihaze | vihoiže | |
| adessive | vihal | vihoil | |
| ablative | vihalpäi | vihoilpäi | |
| allative | vihale | vihoile | |
| abessive | vihata | vihoita | |
| comitative | vihanke | vihoidenke | |
| prolative | vihadme | vihoidme | |
| approximative I | vihanno | vihoidenno | |
| approximative II | vihannoks | vihoidennoks | |
| egressive | vihannopäi | vihoidennopäi | |
| terminative I | vihazesai | vihoižesai | |
| terminative II | vihalesai | vihoilesai | |
| terminative III | vihassai | — | |
| additive I | vihazepäi | vihoižepäi | |
| additive II | vihalepäi | vihoilepäi | |
References
- Zajceva, N. G.; Mullonen, M. I. (2007), “ненависть”, in Uz’ venä-vepsläine vajehnik / Novyj russko-vepsskij slovarʹ [New Russian–Veps Dictionary], Petrozavodsk: Periodika
Votic
Pronunciation
- (Luuditsa, Liivtšülä) IPA(key): /ˈvihɑ/, [ˈvihɑ]
- Rhymes: -ihɑ
- Hyphenation: vi‧ha
Etymology 1
From Proto-Finnic *viha (“anger, hatred”).
Inflection
| Declension of viha (type III/jalkõ, no gradation) | ||
|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | |
| nominative | viha | vihad |
| genitive | viha | vihoje, vihojõ, vihoi |
| partitive | vihha | vihoitõ, vihoi |
| illative | vihha, vihhasõ | vihoje, vihojõ, vihoisõ |
| inessive | vihaz | vihoiz |
| elative | vihassõ | vihoissõ |
| allative | vihalõ | vihoilõ |
| adessive | vihallõ | vihoillõ |
| ablative | vihaltõ | vihoiltõ |
| translative | vihassi | vihoissi |
| *) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl) **) the terminative is formed by adding the suffix -ssaa to the short illative or the genitive. ***) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka to the genitive. | ||
Etymology 2
From Proto-Finnic *viha (“poison”).
Inflection
| Declension of viha (type III/jalkõ, no gradation) | ||
|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | |
| nominative | viha | vihad |
| genitive | viha | vihoje, vihojõ, vihoi |
| partitive | vihha | vihoitõ, vihoi |
| illative | vihha, vihhasõ | vihoje, vihojõ, vihoisõ |
| inessive | vihaz | vihoiz |
| elative | vihassõ | vihoissõ |
| allative | vihalõ | vihoilõ |
| adessive | vihallõ | vihoillõ |
| ablative | vihaltõ | vihoiltõ |
| translative | vihassi | vihoissi |
| *) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl) **) the terminative is formed by adding the suffix -ssaa to the short illative or the genitive. ***) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka to the genitive. | ||
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