valvoa
Finnish
Etymology
From dialectal valvaa + -oa, from Proto-Finnic *valvadak. Cognate to Estonian valvama and Karelian valvuo. Possibly further related to valaa, or borrowed from Proto-Germanic *walwijaną.[1]
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈʋɑlʋoɑˣ/, [ˈʋɑlʋo̞ɑ(ʔ)]
- Rhymes: -ɑlʋoɑ
- Syllabification(key): val‧vo‧a
Verb
valvoa
- (intransitive) to stay up, stay awake (to remain awake, to not go to bed)
- Hän valvoi yli nukkumaanmenoaikansa.
- She stayed up past her bedtime.
- Hän valvoi yli nukkumaanmenoaikansa.
- (transitive + partitive) to oversee, supervise, superintend, guide
- Kongressin tehtävänä on valvoa liittovaltion varojen käyttöä.
- It is congress's duty to oversee the spending of federal funds.
- Kongressin tehtävänä on valvoa liittovaltion varojen käyttöä.
- to watch, keep an eye on
- to enforce (law)
- to supervise, proctor, monitor, invigilate (an examination)
Conjugation
| Inflection of valvoa (Kotus type 52/sanoa, no gradation) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| indicative mood | ||||||
| present tense | perfect | |||||
| person | positive | negative | person | positive | negative | |
| 1st sing. | valvon | en valvo | 1st sing. | olen valvonut | en ole valvonut | |
| 2nd sing. | valvot | et valvo | 2nd sing. | olet valvonut | et ole valvonut | |
| 3rd sing. | valvoo | ei valvo | 3rd sing. | on valvonut | ei ole valvonut | |
| 1st plur. | valvomme | emme valvo | 1st plur. | olemme valvoneet | emme ole valvoneet | |
| 2nd plur. | valvotte | ette valvo | 2nd plur. | olette valvoneet | ette ole valvoneet | |
| 3rd plur. | valvovat | eivät valvo | 3rd plur. | ovat valvoneet | eivät ole valvoneet | |
| passive | valvotaan | ei valvota | passive | on valvottu | ei ole valvottu | |
| past tense | pluperfect | |||||
| person | positive | negative | person | positive | negative | |
| 1st sing. | valvoin | en valvonut | 1st sing. | olin valvonut | en ollut valvonut | |
| 2nd sing. | valvoit | et valvonut | 2nd sing. | olit valvonut | et ollut valvonut | |
| 3rd sing. | valvoi | ei valvonut | 3rd sing. | oli valvonut | ei ollut valvonut | |
| 1st plur. | valvoimme | emme valvoneet | 1st plur. | olimme valvoneet | emme olleet valvoneet | |
| 2nd plur. | valvoitte | ette valvoneet | 2nd plur. | olitte valvoneet | ette olleet valvoneet | |
| 3rd plur. | valvoivat | eivät valvoneet | 3rd plur. | olivat valvoneet | eivät olleet valvoneet | |
| passive | valvottiin | ei valvottu | passive | oli valvottu | ei ollut valvottu | |
| conditional mood | ||||||
| present | perfect | |||||
| person | positive | negative | person | positive | negative | |
| 1st sing. | valvoisin | en valvoisi | 1st sing. | olisin valvonut | en olisi valvonut | |
| 2nd sing. | valvoisit | et valvoisi | 2nd sing. | olisit valvonut | et olisi valvonut | |
| 3rd sing. | valvoisi | ei valvoisi | 3rd sing. | olisi valvonut | ei olisi valvonut | |
| 1st plur. | valvoisimme | emme valvoisi | 1st plur. | olisimme valvoneet | emme olisi valvoneet | |
| 2nd plur. | valvoisitte | ette valvoisi | 2nd plur. | olisitte valvoneet | ette olisi valvoneet | |
| 3rd plur. | valvoisivat | eivät valvoisi | 3rd plur. | olisivat valvoneet | eivät olisi valvoneet | |
| passive | valvottaisiin | ei valvottaisi | passive | olisi valvottu | ei olisi valvottu | |
| imperative mood | ||||||
| present | perfect | |||||
| person | positive | negative | person | positive | negative | |
| 1st sing. | — | — | 1st sing. | — | — | |
| 2nd sing. | valvo | älä valvo | 2nd sing. | ole valvonut | älä ole valvonut | |
| 3rd sing. | valvokoon | älköön valvoko | 3rd sing. | olkoon valvonut | älköön olko valvonut | |
| 1st plur. | valvokaamme | älkäämme valvoko | 1st plur. | olkaamme valvoneet | älkäämme olko valvoneet | |
| 2nd plur. | valvokaa | älkää valvoko | 2nd plur. | olkaa valvoneet | älkää olko valvoneet | |
| 3rd plur. | valvokoot | älkööt valvoko | 3rd plur. | olkoot valvoneet | älkööt olko valvoneet | |
| passive | valvottakoon | älköön valvottako | passive | olkoon valvottu | älköön olko valvottu | |
| potential mood | ||||||
| present | perfect | |||||
| person | positive | negative | person | positive | negative | |
| 1st sing. | valvonen | en valvone | 1st sing. | lienen valvonut | en liene valvonut | |
| 2nd sing. | valvonet | et valvone | 2nd sing. | lienet valvonut | et liene valvonut | |
| 3rd sing. | valvonee | ei valvone | 3rd sing. | lienee valvonut | ei liene valvonut | |
| 1st plur. | valvonemme | emme valvone | 1st plur. | lienemme valvoneet | emme liene valvoneet | |
| 2nd plur. | valvonette | ette valvone | 2nd plur. | lienette valvoneet | ette liene valvoneet | |
| 3rd plur. | valvonevat | eivät valvone | 3rd plur. | lienevät valvoneet | eivät liene valvoneet | |
| passive | valvottaneen | ei valvottane | passive | lienee valvottu | ei liene valvottu | |
| Nominal forms | ||||||
| infinitives | participles | |||||
| active | passive | active | passive | |||
| 1st | valvoa | present | valvova | valvottava | ||
| long 1st2 | valvoakseen | past | valvonut | valvottu | ||
| 2nd | inessive1 | valvoessa | valvottaessa | agent1, 3 | valvoma | |
| instructive | valvoen | — | negative | valvomaton | ||
| 3rd | inessive | valvomassa | — | 1) Usually with a possessive suffix. 2) Used only with a possessive suffix; this is the form for the third-person singular and third-person plural. | ||
| elative | valvomasta | — | ||||
| illative | valvomaan | — | ||||
| adessive | valvomalla | — | ||||
| abessive | valvomatta | — | ||||
| instructive | valvoman | valvottaman | ||||
| 4th | nominative | valvominen | ||||
| partitive | valvomista | |||||
| 5th2 | valvomaisillaan | |||||
Synonyms
- (to oversee, supervise, superintend): tarkkailla
- (to watch, keep an eye): katsoa
Derived terms
- nouns: valvoja, valvonta, valve
- verbs: causative valvottaa
- phrases: valvoa yötä myöten
References
- valvama in Metsmägi, Iris; Sedrik, Meeli; Soosaar, Sven-Erik (2012), Eesti etümoloogiasõnaraamat, Tallinn: Eesti Keele Instituut, →ISBN
Ingrian
Pronunciation
- (Ala-Laukaa) IPA(key): /ˈʋɑlʋoɑ/, [ˈʋɑɫʋo̞]
- (Soikkola) IPA(key): /ˈʋɑlʋoɑ/, [ˈʋɑɫʋo̞ɑ]
- Rhymes: -ɑlʋoɑ
- Hyphenation: val‧vo‧a
Conjugation
| Conjugation of valvoa (type 1/ampua, no gradation) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Indikativa | |||||
| Preesens | Perfekta | ||||
| positive | negative | positive | negative | ||
| 1st singular | valvon | en valvo | 1st singular | oon valvont, oon valvonut | en oo valvont, en oo valvonut |
| 2nd singular | valvot | et valvo | 2nd singular | oot valvont, oot valvonut | et oo valvont, et oo valvonut |
| 3rd singular | valvoo | ei valvo | 3rd singular | ono valvont, ono valvonut | ei oo valvont, ei oo valvonut |
| 1st plural | valvomma | emmä valvo | 1st plural | oomma valvonneet | emmä oo valvonneet |
| 2nd plural | valvotta | että valvo | 2nd plural | ootta valvonneet | että oo valvonneet |
| 3rd plural | valvoot1), valvovat2), valvotaa | evät valvo | 3rd plural | ovat valvonneet | evät oo valvonneet |
| impersonal | valvotaa | ei valvota | impersonal | ono valvottu | ei oo valvottu |
| Imperfekta | Pluskvamperfekta | ||||
| positive | negative | positive | negative | ||
| 1st singular | valvoin | en valvont, en valvonut | 1st singular | olin valvont, olin valvonut | en olt valvont, en olt valvonut |
| 2nd singular | valvoit | et valvont, et valvonut | 2nd singular | olit valvont, olit valvonut | et olt valvont, et olt valvonut |
| 3rd singular | valvoi | ei valvont, ei valvonut | 3rd singular | oli valvont, oli valvonut | ei olt valvont, ei olt valvonut |
| 1st plural | valvoimma | emmä valvonneet | 1st plural | olimma valvonneet | emmä olleet valvonneet |
| 2nd plural | valvoitta | että valvonneet | 2nd plural | olitta valvonneet | että olleet valvonneet |
| 3rd plural | valvoit1), valvoivat2), valvottii | evät valvonneet | 3rd plural | olivat valvonneet | evät olleet valvonneet |
| impersonal | valvottii | ei valvottu | impersonal | oli valvottu | ei olt valvottu |
| Konditsionala | |||||
| Preesens | Perfekta | ||||
| positive | negative | positive | negative | ||
| 1st singular | valvoisin | en valvois | 1st singular | olisin valvont, olisin valvonut | en olis valvont, en olis valvonut |
| 2nd singular | valvoisit, valvoist1) | et valvois | 2nd singular | olisit valvont, olisit valvonut | et olis valvont, et olis valvonut |
| 3rd singular | valvois | ei valvois | 3rd singular | olis valvont, olis valvonut | ei olis valvont, ei olis valvonut |
| 1st plural | valvoisimma | emmä valvois | 1st plural | olisimma valvonneet | emmä olis valvonneet |
| 2nd plural | valvoisitta | että valvois | 2nd plural | olisitta valvonneet | että olis valvonneet |
| 3rd plural | valvoisiit1), valvoisivat2), valvottais | evät valvois | 3rd plural | olisivat valvonneet | evät olis valvonneet |
| impersonal | valvottais | ei valvottais | impersonal | olis valvottu | ei olis valvottu |
| Imperativa | |||||
| Preesens | Perfekta | ||||
| positive | negative | positive | negative | ||
| 1st singular | — | — | 1st singular | — | — |
| 2nd singular | valvo | elä valvo | 2nd singular | oo valvont, oo valvonut | elä oo valvont, elä oo valvonut |
| 3rd singular | valvokoo | elköö valvoko | 3rd singular | olkoo valvont, olkoo valvonut | elköö olko valvont, elköö olko valvonut |
| 1st plural | — | — | 1st plural | — | — |
| 2nd plural | valvokaa | elkää valvoko | 2nd plural | olkaa valvonneet | elkää olko valvonneet |
| 3rd plural | valvokoot | elkööt valvoko | 3rd plural | olkoot valvonneet | elkööt olko valvonneet |
| impersonal | valvottakkoo | elköö valvottako | impersonal | olkoo valvottu | elköö olko valvottu |
| Potentsiala | |||||
| Preesens | |||||
| positive | negative | ||||
| 1st singular | valvonen | en valvone | |||
| 2nd singular | valvonet | et valvone | |||
| 3rd singular | valvonoo | ei valvone | |||
| 1st plural | valvonemma | emmä valvone | |||
| 2nd plural | valvonetta | että valvone | |||
| 3rd plural | valvonoot | evät valvone | |||
| impersonal | valvottannoo | ei valvottane | |||
| Nominal forms | |||||
| Infinitivat | Partisipat | ||||
| active | passive | ||||
| 1st | valvoa | present | valvova | valvottava | |
| 2nd | inessive | valvojees | past | valvont, valvonut | valvottu |
| instructive | valvoen | 1) Chiefly in the Soikkola dialect. 2) Chiefly in the Ala-Laukaa dialect. *) For the imperative, the 2nd plural (valvokaa) may be used for the 3rd person as well. **) The interrogative is formed by adding the suffix -k (-ka?/-kä?) to the indicative, or -kse to the potential. ***) In folk poetry, a long first infinitive can be formed by adding the suffix -kse, followed by possessive suffixes, to the first infinitive. Note that sometimes gemination may be undone by this addition. | |||
| 3rd | illative | valvomaa | |||
| inessive | valvomaas | ||||
| elative | valvomast | ||||
| abessive | valvomata | ||||
| 4th | nominative | valvomiin | |||
| partitive | valvomista, valvomist | ||||
References
- Ruben E. Nirvi (1971) Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 638
Votic
Etymology
From Proto-Finnic *valvodak.
Pronunciation
- (Luuditsa, Liivtšülä) IPA(key): /ˈvɑlvoɑ/, [ˈvɑɫvoɑ]
- Rhymes: -ɑlvoɑ
- Hyphenation: val‧voa
Inflection
| Conjugation of valvoa (type II-1/kuttsua, no gradation) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Indicative | |||||
| Present | Perfect | ||||
| positive | negative | positive | negative | ||
| 1st singular | valvon | en valvo | 1st singular | õõn valvonnu | en õõ valvonnu |
| 2nd singular | valvod | ed valvo | 2nd singular | õõd valvonnu | ed õõ valvonnu |
| 3rd singular | valvob | eb valvo | 3rd singular | on valvonnu | eb õõ valvonnu |
| 1st plural | valvommõ | emmä valvo | 1st plural | öõmmõ valvonnu | emmä õõ valvonnu |
| 2nd plural | valvottõ | että valvo | 2nd plural | õõttõ valvonnu | että õõ valvonnu |
| 3rd plural | valvota | eväd valvo | 3rd plural | õlla valvottu | eväd õõ valvottu |
| impersonal | valvota | eväd valvo | impersonal | õlla valvottu | eväd õõ valvottu |
| Imperfect | Pluperfect | ||||
| positive | negative | positive | negative | ||
| 1st singular | valvozin | en valvonnu | 1st singular | õlin valvonnu | — |
| 2nd singular | valvozid | ed valvonnu | 2nd singular | õlid valvonnu | — |
| 3rd singular | valvo | eb valvonnu | 3rd singular | õli valvonnu | — |
| 1st plural | valvozimmõ | emmä valvonnu | 1st plural | õlimmõ valvonnu | — |
| 2nd plural | valvozittõ | että valvonnu | 2nd plural | õlittõ valvonnu | — |
| 3rd plural | valvotti | eväd valvottu | 3rd plural | õlti valvottu | — |
| impersonal | valvotti | eväd valvottu | impersonal | õlti valvottu | — |
| Conditional | |||||
| Present | Perfect | ||||
| positive | negative | positive | negative | ||
| 1st singular | valvoizin | en valvoizʹ | 1st singular | õllõizin valvonnu | en õllõizʹ valvonnu |
| 2nd singular | valvoizid | ed valvoizʹ | 2nd singular | õllõizid valvonnu | ed õllõizʹ valvonnu |
| 3rd singular | valvoizʹ | eb valvoizʹ | 3rd singular | õllõizʹ valvonnu | eb õllõizʹ valvonnu |
| 1st plural | valvoizimmõ | emmä valvoizʹ | 1st plural | õllõizimmõ valvonnu | emmä õllõizʹ valvonnu |
| 2nd plural | valvoizittõ | että valvoizʹ | 2nd plural | õllõizittõ valvonnu | että õllõizʹ valvonnu |
| 3rd plural | valvottaizʹ | eväd valvottaizʹ | 3rd plural | õltaizʹ valvottu | eväd õltaizʹ valvottu |
| impersonal | valvottaizʹ | eväd valvottaizʹ | impersonal | õltaizʹ valvottu | eväd õltaizʹ valvottu |
| Imperative | |||||
| Present | |||||
| positive | negative | ||||
| 1st singular | — | — | |||
| 2nd singular | valvo | elä valvo | |||
| 3rd singular | valvogo | elko valvogo | |||
| 1st plural | — | — | |||
| 2nd plural | valvoga | elka valvoga | |||
| 3rd plural | valvogod | — | |||
| impersonal | — | — | |||
| Nominal forms | |||||
| Infinitives | Participles | ||||
| active | passive | ||||
| 1st | valvoa | present | valvojõ | — | |
| 2nd | illative | valvoma | past | valvonnu | valvottu |
| inessive | valvomõz | ||||
| elative | valvomassõ | ||||
| abessive | valvomattõ | ||||
References
- V. Hallap, E. Adler, S. Grünberg, M. Leppik (2012), “valvoa”, in Vadja keele sõnaraamat [A dictionary of the Votic language], 2 edition, Tallinn
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