kostaa
Finnish
Etymology
From Proto-Finnic *kostadak. Koivulehto considers it as a borrowing from Proto-Indo-European *goys-éye- or its Pre-Germanic descendant (whence German kehren).[1]
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈkostɑːˣ/, [ˈko̞s̠t̪ɑː(ʔ)]
- Rhymes: -ostɑː
- Syllabification(key): kos‧taa
Verb
kostaa
- (transitive, + allative) to avenge, revenge, take revenge, get back at (on); to retaliate (to)
Conjugation
| Inflection of kostaa (Kotus type 53/muistaa, no gradation) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| indicative mood | ||||||
| present tense | perfect | |||||
| person | positive | negative | person | positive | negative | |
| 1st sing. | kostan | en kosta | 1st sing. | olen kostanut | en ole kostanut | |
| 2nd sing. | kostat | et kosta | 2nd sing. | olet kostanut | et ole kostanut | |
| 3rd sing. | kostaa | ei kosta | 3rd sing. | on kostanut | ei ole kostanut | |
| 1st plur. | kostamme | emme kosta | 1st plur. | olemme kostaneet | emme ole kostaneet | |
| 2nd plur. | kostatte | ette kosta | 2nd plur. | olette kostaneet | ette ole kostaneet | |
| 3rd plur. | kostavat | eivät kosta | 3rd plur. | ovat kostaneet | eivät ole kostaneet | |
| passive | kostetaan | ei kosteta | passive | on kostettu | ei ole kostettu | |
| past tense | pluperfect | |||||
| person | positive | negative | person | positive | negative | |
| 1st sing. | kostin | en kostanut | 1st sing. | olin kostanut | en ollut kostanut | |
| 2nd sing. | kostit | et kostanut | 2nd sing. | olit kostanut | et ollut kostanut | |
| 3rd sing. | kosti | ei kostanut | 3rd sing. | oli kostanut | ei ollut kostanut | |
| 1st plur. | kostimme | emme kostaneet | 1st plur. | olimme kostaneet | emme olleet kostaneet | |
| 2nd plur. | kostitte | ette kostaneet | 2nd plur. | olitte kostaneet | ette olleet kostaneet | |
| 3rd plur. | kostivat | eivät kostaneet | 3rd plur. | olivat kostaneet | eivät olleet kostaneet | |
| passive | kostettiin | ei kostettu | passive | oli kostettu | ei ollut kostettu | |
| conditional mood | ||||||
| present | perfect | |||||
| person | positive | negative | person | positive | negative | |
| 1st sing. | kostaisin | en kostaisi | 1st sing. | olisin kostanut | en olisi kostanut | |
| 2nd sing. | kostaisit | et kostaisi | 2nd sing. | olisit kostanut | et olisi kostanut | |
| 3rd sing. | kostaisi | ei kostaisi | 3rd sing. | olisi kostanut | ei olisi kostanut | |
| 1st plur. | kostaisimme | emme kostaisi | 1st plur. | olisimme kostaneet | emme olisi kostaneet | |
| 2nd plur. | kostaisitte | ette kostaisi | 2nd plur. | olisitte kostaneet | ette olisi kostaneet | |
| 3rd plur. | kostaisivat | eivät kostaisi | 3rd plur. | olisivat kostaneet | eivät olisi kostaneet | |
| passive | kostettaisiin | ei kostettaisi | passive | olisi kostettu | ei olisi kostettu | |
| imperative mood | ||||||
| present | perfect | |||||
| person | positive | negative | person | positive | negative | |
| 1st sing. | — | — | 1st sing. | — | — | |
| 2nd sing. | kosta | älä kosta | 2nd sing. | ole kostanut | älä ole kostanut | |
| 3rd sing. | kostakoon | älköön kostako | 3rd sing. | olkoon kostanut | älköön olko kostanut | |
| 1st plur. | kostakaamme | älkäämme kostako | 1st plur. | olkaamme kostaneet | älkäämme olko kostaneet | |
| 2nd plur. | kostakaa | älkää kostako | 2nd plur. | olkaa kostaneet | älkää olko kostaneet | |
| 3rd plur. | kostakoot | älkööt kostako | 3rd plur. | olkoot kostaneet | älkööt olko kostaneet | |
| passive | kostettakoon | älköön kostettako | passive | olkoon kostettu | älköön olko kostettu | |
| potential mood | ||||||
| present | perfect | |||||
| person | positive | negative | person | positive | negative | |
| 1st sing. | kostanen | en kostane | 1st sing. | lienen kostanut | en liene kostanut | |
| 2nd sing. | kostanet | et kostane | 2nd sing. | lienet kostanut | et liene kostanut | |
| 3rd sing. | kostanee | ei kostane | 3rd sing. | lienee kostanut | ei liene kostanut | |
| 1st plur. | kostanemme | emme kostane | 1st plur. | lienemme kostaneet | emme liene kostaneet | |
| 2nd plur. | kostanette | ette kostane | 2nd plur. | lienette kostaneet | ette liene kostaneet | |
| 3rd plur. | kostanevat | eivät kostane | 3rd plur. | lienevät kostaneet | eivät liene kostaneet | |
| passive | kostettaneen | ei kostettane | passive | lienee kostettu | ei liene kostettu | |
| Nominal forms | ||||||
| infinitives | participles | |||||
| active | passive | active | passive | |||
| 1st | kostaa | present | kostava | kostettava | ||
| long 1st2 | kostaakseen | past | kostanut | kostettu | ||
| 2nd | inessive1 | kostaessa | kostettaessa | agent1, 3 | kostama | |
| instructive | kostaen | — | negative | kostamaton | ||
| 3rd | inessive | kostamassa | — | 1) Usually with a possessive suffix. 2) Used only with a possessive suffix; this is the form for the third-person singular and third-person plural. | ||
| elative | kostamasta | — | ||||
| illative | kostamaan | — | ||||
| adessive | kostamalla | — | ||||
| abessive | kostamatta | — | ||||
| instructive | kostaman | kostettaman | ||||
| 4th | nominative | kostaminen | ||||
| partitive | kostamista | |||||
| 5th2 | kostamaisillaan | |||||
Ingrian
Etymology
From Proto-Finnic *kostadak. Cognates include Finnish kostaa and Estonian kosta.
Pronunciation
- (Ala-Laukaa) IPA(key): /ˈkostɑː/, [ˈko̞s̠tɑ]
- (Soikkola) IPA(key): /ˈkostɑː/, [ˈko̞ʃtɑː]
- Rhymes: -ostɑː
- Hyphenation: kos‧taa
Conjugation
| Conjugation of kostaa (type 2/kirjuttaa, st-ss gradation) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Indikativa | |||||
| Preesens | Perfekta | ||||
| positive | negative | positive | negative | ||
| 1st singular | kossan | en kossa | 1st singular | oon kostant, oon kostanut | en oo kostant, en oo kostanut |
| 2nd singular | kossat | et kossa | 2nd singular | oot kostant, oot kostanut | et oo kostant, et oo kostanut |
| 3rd singular | kostaa | ei kossa | 3rd singular | ono kostant, ono kostanut | ei oo kostant, ei oo kostanut |
| 1st plural | kossamma | emmä kossa | 1st plural | oomma kostanneet | emmä oo kostanneet |
| 2nd plural | kossatta | että kossa | 2nd plural | ootta kostanneet | että oo kostanneet |
| 3rd plural | kostaat1), kostavat2), kossetaa | evät kossa | 3rd plural | ovat kostanneet | evät oo kostanneet |
| impersonal | kossetaa | ei kosseta | impersonal | ono kossettu | ei oo kossettu |
| Imperfekta | Pluskvamperfekta | ||||
| positive | negative | positive | negative | ||
| 1st singular | kossin | en kostant, en kostanut | 1st singular | olin kostant, olin kostanut | en olt kostant, en olt kostanut |
| 2nd singular | kossit | et kostant, et kostanut | 2nd singular | olit kostant, olit kostanut | et olt kostant, et olt kostanut |
| 3rd singular | kosti | ei kostant, ei kostanut | 3rd singular | oli kostant, oli kostanut | ei olt kostant, ei olt kostanut |
| 1st plural | kossimma | emmä kostanneet | 1st plural | olimma kostanneet | emmä olleet kostanneet |
| 2nd plural | kossitta | että kostanneet | 2nd plural | olitta kostanneet | että olleet kostanneet |
| 3rd plural | kostiit1), kostivat2), kossettii | evät kostanneet | 3rd plural | olivat kostanneet | evät olleet kostanneet |
| impersonal | kossettii | ei kossettu | impersonal | oli kossettu | ei olt kossettu |
| Konditsionala | |||||
| Preesens | Perfekta | ||||
| positive | negative | positive | negative | ||
| 1st singular | kostaisin | en kostais | 1st singular | olisin kostant, olisin kostanut | en olis kostant, en olis kostanut |
| 2nd singular | kostaisit, kostaist1) | et kostais | 2nd singular | olisit kostant, olisit kostanut | et olis kostant, et olis kostanut |
| 3rd singular | kostais | ei kostais | 3rd singular | olis kostant, olis kostanut | ei olis kostant, ei olis kostanut |
| 1st plural | kostaisimma | emmä kostais | 1st plural | olisimma kostanneet | emmä olis kostanneet |
| 2nd plural | kostaisitta | että kostais | 2nd plural | olisitta kostanneet | että olis kostanneet |
| 3rd plural | kostaisiit1), kostaisivat2), kossettais | evät kostais | 3rd plural | olisivat kostanneet | evät olis kostanneet |
| impersonal | kossettais | ei kossettais | impersonal | olis kossettu | ei olis kossettu |
| Imperativa | |||||
| Preesens | Perfekta | ||||
| positive | negative | positive | negative | ||
| 1st singular | — | — | 1st singular | — | — |
| 2nd singular | kossa | elä kossa | 2nd singular | oo kostant, oo kostanut | elä oo kostant, elä oo kostanut |
| 3rd singular | kostakoo | elköö kostako | 3rd singular | olkoo kostant, olkoo kostanut | elköö olko kostant, elköö olko kostanut |
| 1st plural | — | — | 1st plural | — | — |
| 2nd plural | kostakaa | elkää kostako | 2nd plural | olkaa kostanneet | elkää olko kostanneet |
| 3rd plural | kostakoot | elkööt kostako | 3rd plural | olkoot kostanneet | elkööt olko kostanneet |
| impersonal | kossettakkoo | elköö kossettako | impersonal | olkoo kossettu | elköö olko kossettu |
| Potentsiala | |||||
| Preesens | |||||
| positive | negative | ||||
| 1st singular | kostanen | en kostane | |||
| 2nd singular | kostanet | et kostane | |||
| 3rd singular | kostanoo | ei kostane | |||
| 1st plural | kostanemma | emmä kostane | |||
| 2nd plural | kostanetta | että kostane | |||
| 3rd plural | kostanoot | evät kostane | |||
| impersonal | kossettannoo | ei kossettane | |||
| Nominal forms | |||||
| Infinitivat | Partisipat | ||||
| active | passive | ||||
| 1st | kostaa | present | kostava | kossettava | |
| 2nd | inessive | kostajees | past | kostant, kostanut | kossettu |
| instructive | kostaen | 1) Chiefly in the Soikkola dialect. 2) Chiefly in the Ala-Laukaa dialect. *) For the imperative, the 2nd plural (kostakaa) may be used for the 3rd person as well. **) The interrogative is formed by adding the suffix -k (-ka?/-kä?) to the indicative, or -kse to the potential. ***) In folk poetry, a long first infinitive can be formed by adding the suffix -kse, followed by possessive suffixes, to the first infinitive. Note that sometimes gemination may be undone by this addition. | |||
| 3rd | illative | kostamaa | |||
| inessive | kostamaas | ||||
| elative | kostamast | ||||
| abessive | kostamata | ||||
| 4th | nominative | kostamiin | |||
| partitive | kostamista, kostamist | ||||
References
- Ruben E. Nirvi (1971) Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 198
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