Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/fram

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *pro- (“forth, forward”). Related to Proto-Germanic *framaz (“forward, prominent”) (Old Norse framr (“forward; superior”), Old English fram (“strenuous, active, bold, strong”)), Ancient Greek πρόμος (prómos, “foremost one, champion, leader, prince”), Umbrian promom (“at first, initially”), Lithuanian pìrmas (“first”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ɸrɑm/

Preposition

*fram

(with dative) from
(with dative) by, due to

Adverb

*fram (comparative *framiz, superlative *framist)

forth, forward
away, further

Descendants

Old English: fram, from
- Middle English: from, fram, vrom, vram; fro, fra, vra, fray
  - English: from
    - → Scots: from, frome
  - Yola: vrem, vrim, vrom, vreem, vream
Old Frisian: from
Old Saxon: fram
Old Dutch: fram-
Old High German: fram
- Middle High German: vram
Old Norse: frá
- Icelandic: frá
- Faroese: frá
- Norwegian Nynorsk: frå
- Elfdalian: frą̊
- Old Swedish: frā
  - Westrobothnian: frå, fra
  - ⇒ Old Swedish: frān
    - Swedish: från
    - Westrobothnian: frånn, frönn
- Old Danish: fra, fraa, fran
  - Danish: fra
    - Norwegian Bokmål: fra
- → Old English: fra
  - Middle English: fra, fro
    - English: fro
      - Northumbrian: frae, fra
    - Scots: frae, fra, fro, fae
Old Norse: fram
- Icelandic: fram
- Faroese: fram, frá
- Old Swedish: fram
  - Swedish: fram
- Danish: frem
  - Norwegian Bokmål: frem
- Norwegian: fram
- Westrobothnian: framm
Gothic: 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐌼 (fram)

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