ꜣd

Verb:

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /ɑd/
  • Conventional anglicization: ad

 2-lit.

1. (intransitive, chiefly of crocodiles) to be(come) aggressive or savage
2. (intransitive) to be(come) angry (+ r: with, toward, + ḥr: at)
3. (intransitive) to be(come) aggressively eager or rapacious, to raven (+ r: to be rapacious for, to raven after)
   • c. 1900 BCE, The Instructions of Kagemni (pPrisse/pBN 183) lines 1.9–1.10:

     (j)m ꜣtw r jwf r gs skn šzp dj.f n.k

     Don’t raven after meat next to a voracious man; partake when he gives to you.

4. (transitive) to rage at, to be(come) aggressive toward or attack (someone)
5. (transitive, of fire) to harm (someone) [Coffin Texts]

• ꜣd jb r
• ꜣdw

• Sahidic Coptic: ⲟⲟⲧ (oot)

 m

1. aggression, rage

Faulkner suggests this word may be a corrupt writing of ꜣhd (“to be(come) weak; to quiver”); Erman and Grapow instead suggest a connection with jꜣd (“to suffer”).

 2-lit.

1. (intransitive, rare, of body parts) The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:
   1. to be(come) feeble, listless, or faint
   2. to quiver or palpitate

 2-lit.

1. (hapax) to decay
   • c. 2000 BCE – 1800 BCE, Coffin Texts, version B1C (coffin of Sepi III, Cairo CG 28083) spell 755:[1]

     wrḏ ꜥwt m ws(j)r nj wrḏ zpwj snwj nj ḥwꜣ.sn ꜣd.sn nj [bn.sn nj][2] jr mw ḏw

     The limbs in Osiris are weary, but won’t be weary, won’t be weary, they won’t putrefy or decay, [they] won’t [swell up, won’t] make foul fluid (literally, “evil water”).

Possibly identical to the preceding verb (‘to be(come) feeble^?’ or ‘to quiver’). Faulkner identifies it this way in his publication of the Coffin Texts,[2] though he lists the two separately in his earlier dictionary.

• Erman, Adolf; Grapow, Hermann (1926) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache‎, volume 1, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, page 24.12–24.19, 24.24, 25.1–25.3
• Faulkner, Raymond (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, page 7
• James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, 276, 455 page 174, 276, 455.
• Hoch, James (1997) Middle Egyptian Grammar, Mississauga: Benben Publications, →ISBN, page 242
• Vycichl, Werner (1983) Dictionnaire Étymologique de la Langue Copte, Leuven: Peeters, →ISBN, page 156