硬化

Chinese

		hard; stiff; strong hard; stiff; strong; firm	to make into; to change into; ‑ization to make into; to change into; ‑ization; to ... ‑ize; to transform
simp. and trad. (硬化)		硬	化

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): yìnghuà

(Zhuyin): ㄧㄥˋ ㄏㄨㄚˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): ngaang⁶ faa³
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): ngang-fa
Min Nan (POJ): ngǐ-hòa / ngī-hòa / ngē-hòa / ngēe-hòa

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Pinyin: yìnghuà
  - Zhuyin: ㄧㄥˋ ㄏㄨㄚˋ
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yinqhuah
  - IPA ^(key): /iŋ⁵¹⁻⁵³ xu̯ä⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: ngaang⁶ faa³
  - Yale: ngaahng fa
  - Cantonese Pinyin: ngaang⁶ faa³
  - Guangdong Romanization: ngang⁶ fa³
  - IPA ^(key): /ŋäːŋ²² fäː³³/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngang-fa
  - Hakka Romanization System: ngang fa
  - Hagfa Pinyim: ngang⁴ fa⁴
  - IPA: /ŋaŋ⁵⁵ fa⁵⁵/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ngǐ-hòa
  - Tâi-lô: ngǐ-huà
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /ŋĩ²² hua⁴¹/
- (Hokkien: Taipei, Xiamen)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ngī-hòa
  - Tâi-lô: ngī-huà
  - Phofsit Daibuun: ngixhoax
  - IPA (Xiamen): /ŋĩ²²⁻²¹ hua²¹/
  - IPA (Taipei): /ŋĩ³³⁻¹¹ hua¹¹/
- (Hokkien: Kaohsiung)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ngē-hòa
  - Tâi-lô: ngē-huà
  - Phofsit Daibuun: ngexhoax
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /ŋẽ³³⁻²¹ hua²¹/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ngēe-hòa
  - Tâi-lô: ngēe-huà
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /ŋɛ̃²²⁻²¹ hua²¹/

Verb

硬化

to harden; to become hard
(figuratively) to become rigid or inflexible

Noun

硬化

(pathology) sclerosis

Derived terms

動脈硬化／动脉硬化 (dòngmài yìnghuà)
動脈粥樣硬化／动脉粥样硬化 (dòngmài zhōuyàng yìnghuà)
多發性硬化／多发性硬化

硬化症 (yìnghuàzhèng)
肝硬化 (gānyìnghuà)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
硬	化
こう Grade: S	か Grade: 3
on’yomi

Pronunciation

On’yomi
- IPA^(key): [ko̞ːka̠]

Noun

硬化 (hiragana こうか, rōmaji kōka)

hardening
(medicine) sclerosis

Antonyms

軟 (なん)化 (か) (nanka)

Verb

硬化する (intransitive, hiragana こうかする, rōmaji kōka suru)

to harden
to freeze
to cure, become hard
(medicine) to sclerose

Conjugation

Conjugation of "硬化する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Stem forms
Imperfective (未然形)	硬化し	こうかし	kōka shi
Continuative (連用形)	硬化し	こうかし	kōka shi
Terminal (終止形)	硬化する	こうかする	kōka suru
Attributive (連体形)	硬化する	こうかする	kōka suru
Hypothetical (仮定形)	硬化すれ	こうかすれ	kōka sure
Imperative (命令形)	硬化せよ¹ 硬化しろ²	こうかせよ¹ こうかしろ²	kōka seyo¹ kōka shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	硬化される	こうかされる	kōka sareru
Causative	硬化させる硬化さす	こうかさせるこうかさす	kōka saseru kōka sasu
Potential	硬化できる	こうかできる	kōka dekiru
Volitional	硬化しよう	こうかしよう	kōka shiyō
Negative	硬化しない	こうかしない	kōka shinai
Negative continuative	硬化せず	こうかせず	kōka sezu
Formal	硬化します	こうかします	kōka shimasu
Perfective	硬化した	こうかした	kōka shita
Conjunctive	硬化して	こうかして	kōka shite
Hypothetical conditional	硬化すれば	こうかすれば	kōka sureba
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative

Korean

Hanja in this term
硬	化

Noun

硬化 • (gyeonghwa) (hangeul 경화)

Hanja form^? of 경화.

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