Siege of Kiev (1240)

The siege of Kiev by the Mongols took place between 28 November and 6 December 1240, and resulted in a Mongol victory. It was a heavy morale and military blow to the Principality of Galicia–Volhynia, and allowed Batu Khan to proceed westward into Europe.[1]

For other battles at Kiev, see Battle of Kiev (disambiguation)
Siege of Kiev
Part of Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'

Sack of Kiev in 1240
Date28 November – 6 December 1240
Location
Kiev (Kyiv)
50°27′0.00″N 30°31′25.00″E
Result

Mongol victory

  • Kiev plundered
  • Most civilians slaughtered
Belligerents
Mongol Empire Galicia–Volhynia
Commanders and leaders
Batu Khan Voivode Dmitr
Strength
Unknown; probably large ~1,000
Casualties and losses
Unknown ~48,000 (including noncombatants) killed
Location within Ukraine
Siege of Kiev (1240) (European Russia)

Background
Further information: Batu's raid of 1240 in Ruthenia

Batu Khan and the Mongols began their invasion in late 1237 by conquering the Principality of Ryazan in north-east Rus.[2][3] Then, in 1238 the Mongols went south-west and destroyed the cities of Vladimir and Kozelsk. In 1239, they captured both Pereyaslav and Chernihiv with their sights set on the city of Kiev (Kyiv).[4][3]

When the Mongols sent several envoys to Kiev to demand submission, they were executed by Michael of Chernigov and later Dmytro.[5][6]

The next year, Batu Khan's army under the tactical command of the great Mongol general Subutai reached Kiev. At the time, the city was ruled by the Principality of Galicia–Volhynia (Halych-Volhynia, also known as Ruthenia), having been recently captured by Danylo Romanovych.[7] The chief commander in Kiev was Voivode Dmytro, while Danylo was in Hungary at that time, seeking a military union to prevent invasion.

Siege

The vanguard army under Batu's cousin Möngke came near the city. Möngke was apparently taken by the splendor of Kiev and offered the city terms for surrender, but his envoys were killed.[8] The Mongols chose to assault the city. Batu Khan destroyed the forces of the Rus vassals, the Chorni Klobuky,[9] who were on their way to relieve Kiev, and the entire Mongol army camped outside the city gates, joining Möngke's troops.

On 28 November, the Mongols set up catapults near one of the three gates of old Kiev where tree cover extended almost to the city walls.[10] The Mongols then began a bombardment that lasted several days. On 6 December, Kiev's walls were breached, and hand-to-hand combat followed in the streets. The Kievans suffered heavy losses and Dmytro was wounded by an arrow.[4]

When night fell the Mongols held their positions while the Kievans retreated to the central parts of the city. Many people crowded into the Church of the Tithes. The next day, as the Mongols commenced the final assault, the church's balcony collapsed under the weight of the people standing on it, crushing many. After the Mongols won the battle, they plundered Kiev. Most of the population was massacred.[4] Out of 50,000 inhabitants before the invasion, about 2,000 survived.[11] Most of the city was burned and only six out of forty major buildings remained standing. Dmytro, however, was shown mercy for his bravery.[4]

After their victory at Kiev, the Mongols were free to advance into Hungary and Poland.[3]

See also

References
  1. Janet Martin Medieval Russia, 980–1584, p. 139
  2. Dowling, Timothy (2015). Russia at War: from the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond. ABC-CLIO. p. 537.
  3. Turnbull, Stephen (2003). Genghis Khan and the Mongol Conquests 1190–1400. Oxford, Great Britain: Osprey Publishing. pp. 45–49.
  4. Perfecky, George (1973). The Hypatian Codex. Munich, Germany: Wilhelm Fink Publishing House. pp. 43–49.
  5. The Mongols by Stephen Turnbull, p. 81
  6. Roux, Jean-Paul (2003). Genghis Khan and the Mongol Empire. "Abrams Discoveries" series. New York: Harry N. Abrams. p. 131.
  7. Magocsi 2010, p. 125.
  8. Charles Halperin – The Tatar Yoke, p. 43
  9. V. Minorksy – "The Alān Capital Magas and the Mongol Campaigns", Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Vol. 14, No. 2 (1952), pp. 221–238
  10. Alexander V. Maiorov (2016). "The Mongolian Capture of Kiev: The Two Dates". The Slavonic and East European Review. 94 (4): 702. doi:10.5699/slaveasteurorev2.94.4.0702. ISSN 0037-6795. S2CID 151475561.
  11. Davison, Derek (6 December 2019). "Today in European history: the Mongols sack Kyiv (1240)". fx.substack.com. Retrieved 30 July 2020.

Sources
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