The Thinker

The Thinker (French: Le Penseur) is a bronze sculpture by Auguste Rodin, usually placed on a stone pedestal. The work depicts a nude male figure of heroic size sitting on a rock. He is seen leaning over, his right elbow placed on his left thigh, holding the weight of his chin on the back of his right hand. The pose is one of deep thought and contemplation, and the statue is often used as an image to represent philosophy.

For other uses, see The Thinker (disambiguation).
The Thinker
Le Penseur (1904) in the Musée Rodin in Paris
ArtistAuguste Rodin
Year1904
MediumBronze

Rodin conceived the figure as part of his work The Gates of Hell commissioned in 1880, but the first of the familiar monumental bronze castings was made in 1904, and is now exhibited at the Musée Rodin, in Paris.

There are also 27 other known full-sized castings, in which the figure is approximately 185 cm (73 inches) high, although not all were made during Rodin's lifetime and under his supervision. There are various other versions, several in plaster, and studies and posthumous castings exist in a range of sizes.

Origin
The Thinker in The Gates of Hell at the Musée Rodin

The Thinker was initially named The Poet (French: Le Poète), and was part of a large commission begun in 1880 for a doorway surround called The Gates of Hell. Rodin based this on the early 14th century poem The Divine Comedy by Dante Alighieri, and most of the figures in the work represented the main characters in the poem with The Thinker at the center of the composition over the doorway and somewhat larger than most of the other figures. Some critics believe that it was originally intended to depict Dante at the gates of Hell, pondering his great poem. Other critics reject that theory, pointing out that the figure is naked while Dante is fully clothed throughout his poem, and that the sculpture's physique does not correspond to Dante's effete figure. [1] The sculpture is nude, as Rodin wanted a heroic figure in the tradition of Michelangelo, to represent intellect as well as poetry. Other critics came to see the sculpture as a self-portrait. [1][2]

This detail from the Gates of Hell was first named The Thinker by foundry workers, who noted its similarity to Michelangelo's statue of Lorenzo de Medici called Il Pensieroso (The Thinker),[1] and Rodin decided to treat the figure as an independent work at a larger size. The figure was designed to be seen from below and is normally displayed on a fairly high plinth, although the heights vary considerably chosen by the various owners.

A cast of The Thinker at Columbia University

Casts
Main article: List of The Thinker sculptures

The Thinker has been cast in multiple versions and is found around the world, but the history of the progression from models to castings is still not entirely clear. About 28 monumental-sized bronze casts are in museums and public places. In addition, there are sculptures of different study-sized scales and plaster versions (often painted bronze) in both monumental and study sizes. Some newer castings have been produced posthumously and are not considered part of the original production.

Rodin made the first small plaster version around 1881. The first full-scale model was presented at the Salon des Beaux-Arts in Paris in 1904. A public subscription financed a bronze casting, which became the property of the City of Paris, and was put in front of the Panthéon.[3] In 1922, the original bronze was moved to the Rodin Museum.

3D model, click to interact.

Art market

In June 2022 a posthumous cast was offered for auction at Christie's in Paris with an estimate of €9m to €14m. The cast was made around 1928 at the Rudier Foundry, the family business founded by Alexis Rudier (1845-1897) who collaborated with Antoine Bourdelle and Aristide Maillol, before his son Eugène (1875-1952) took over.[4]

Similar sculptures

Repetitive portrayals of individuals, both male and female, have been depicted in physical form while in the process of contemplation or grieving. "The Thinker" of Cernavoda, Romania, a terracotta sculpture, and its female counterpart, "The Sitting Woman", are exceptional works of art from the Chalcolithic era. The Hamangia culture produced these remarkable sculptures, with The Thinker believed to be the earliest prehistoric sculpture that conveys human self-reflection instead of the more common artistic themes of hunting or fertility.[5][6] The discovery of the Spong Man, which is the earliest known Anglo-Saxon sculpture of a person, was found in Europe's other end, five millennia.[7] The sculpture takes the form of a seated figure on a pottery lid of a cremation urn, resembling a humanoid figure.[8]

A thousand years later, Michelangelo created the tomb of Lorenzo de Medici, which is located in the Basilica di San Lorenzo in Florence, Italy.[9] The tomb is a sculptural masterpiece and was commissioned by Pope Clement VII to honor the memory of Lorenzo de Medici, a member of the powerful Medici family of Florence. The tomb is considered one of Michelangelo's finest works in sculpture and was created in the Mannerist style of the Late Renaissance period.[9] The tomb features a large rectangular base, which is adorned with intricate reliefs and two sculptures, Dusk and Dawn, that represent the cycle of life.[10] The central figure on the tomb is a sculpture of Lorenzo de Medici, who is portrayed as a thinker with his face in shadow and his elbow resting on a money box with a similarly muscular, contemplative figure with his hand on his chin, though the figure is seated rather than standing like Rodin's "The Thinker." . The tomb also includes two reclining figures on the sarcophagus, which are believed to represent Day and Night.[11]

See also

References
  1. Elsen, Albert L., Rodin's Gates of Hell, University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis Minnesota, 1960 p. 96.
  2. "The Thinker".
  3. Brocvielle, Vincent, Le Petit Larousse de l'Histore de l'Art (in French), (2010), pg. 240.
  4. "Rodin's the Thinker to sell for up to €14m". 7 April 2022.
  5. ""The Thinker" and "Sitting Woman", the symbols of the Neolithic culture of Hamangia. – Romania Color". Retrieved 2023-04-03.
  6. Coca, Madalina Cristiana (2022), "Cernavoda—CANDU nuclear power plants in Romania", Pressurized Heavy Water Reactors, Elsevier, pp. 429–441, retrieved 2023-04-03
  7. "Spong Man". British Library collections. Retrieved 28 December 2021.
  8. "Object: Funerary urn (collection)". norfolkmuseumscollections.org. Retrieved 2021-12-28.
  9. "Tomb of Lorenzo de Medici, 1524 - 1531 - Michelangelo - WikiArt.org". www.wikiart.org. Retrieved 2023-04-03.
  10. "Tomb of Giuliano de' Medici by MICHELANGELO Buonarroti". www.wga.hu. Retrieved 2023-04-03.
  11. "Grande Arte • A Digital Library for Art Lovers • Michelangelo • THE TOMB OF GIULIANO DE' MEDICI". grandearte.net. Retrieved 2023-04-03.
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