Sect Shinto

Sect Shinto (教派神道, Kyōha Shintō, or 宗派, Shuha Shintō) refers to several independent organized Shinto groups that were excluded by law in 1882 from government-run State Shinto.[1] These independent groups have more developed belief systems than mainstream Shrine Shinto which focuses more on rituals.[2]

Many such groups are organized into the Kyoha Shintō Rengōkai (教派神道連合会, Association of Sectarian Shinto).[3]

It emerged as a product of increasing discussion among people of lower classes about theology[4]

Starting in the late Edo period, Sect Shinto became established in the Meiji era, after the Meiji Restoration.[5] One denomination (Jingu-kyo, affiliated with the Ise Grand Shrine) left during the war, and the final group (before the war) consisted of 13 denominations, which were once also referred to as the 13 Shinto schools.

In a broad sense, it includes "Oomoto" which newly joined the "Sect Shinto Federation" after the war. (After the war, "Oomoto" newly joined the "Sect Shinto Federation," while "Tenrikyo" and "Shinto Taiseikyo" left, so that the number of denominations belonging to the "Sect Shinto Federation" is currently 12.)

In contrast, to shrine Shinto, which is an aggregation of various shrines and customary beliefs in various parts of Japan (which became united under the Ise Grand Shrine after the Meiji period), denominational Shinto is a form of Shinto that is based on the Kokugaku and Shrine Shinto, which is a form of Shinto that seeks a fundamental and comprehensive faith (as in the late Edo period, the Kokugaku). Taikyo Institute (influenced by the Kokugaku and Fukko Shinto lineages of the late Edo period, which sought a fundamental and comprehensive faith), and because of its comprehensive nature, the central institution and cult, the Taikyo Institute later reformed into the Bureau of Shinto Affairs and later the Shinto Taikyo as the central institution and cult, and all the deities, starting with the original deity Ame-no-Minakanushi, as well as all the deities (Amatsukami and Kunitsukami). Tenrikyo is often considered a separate monotheistic religion founded by Nakayama Miki but it was categorized as Sect Shinto.[6]

Overview

Around 1868, at the beginning of the Meiji Restoration, the religious administration of the new Meiji government issued the Shinto-Buddhist Separation Order, resulting in the Haibutsu Kishaku and the restoration of the Unity of ritual and government system in the same year. The Taikyo Institute was established in 1872 (Meiji 5) as a missionary organization, but was dissolved in 1875 (Meiji 8). Instead, the Shinto side established the Bureau of Shinto Affairs in the same year, to which the originally disparate folk belief religions belonged, and those denominations that met certain conditions, such as the number of followers, were officially recognized as "independent denominations". This was the beginning of the denominational Shinto.

Beginning with Kurozumikyō and Shinto Shusei in 1876 (9th year of Meiji), and in 1886, Bureau of Shinto Affairs (later renamed Shinto Taikyo), and in 1899 (32nd year of Meiji), it was reorganized into a denomination called Jingu-kyo renamed Ise Shrine Offering Association.[7][lower-alpha 1] In 1908, Tenrikyo was founded, and by the time of 1908, there were a total of 13 schools (14 schools in total if the breakaway "Jingu-kyo" is included).

Timeline of member organizations and 2020 statistics[lower-alpha 2]
Denomination Founder Founding date Date of Independence believers[8] Priests[8] Shrines and churches[8]
Kurozumikyō Munetada Kurozumi 1846[9] October 1876 297,351 1,312 307
Shinto Shusei Nitta Kuniteru 1849[10] 8,084 213 52
Jingu-kyo(→Left 1899, Disestasblished 1946) Yoriyo Tanaka 1882 May 1882 N/A[lower-alpha 3] N/A N/A
Izumo-taishakyo Takatomi Senge 1882[11] 1,266,058 8,212 161
Fuso-kyo Shishino Nakaba 31,150 425 135
Jikkō kyō Hanamori Shibata 10,910 250 87
Shinto Taiseikyo (神道大成教) Hirayama Seisai 1882 21,515 173 30
Shinshu-kyo

(→ Withdrew from the Federation in 1976)

 Masatsugu Yoshimura 126,181 203 93
Ontake-kyo Osuke Tsuda September 1882 42,550 1,119 346
Shinto Taikyo Inaba Masakuni 1872[lower-alpha 4] January 1886 21,375 470 163
Shinrikyo Tsunehiko Sano 1880[12][13] October 1894 67,248 938 139
Misogikyo Masakane Inoue 78,675 482 61
Konkokyo Kinko Ogami November 15, 1859[14] June 1900 397,461 3,521 1,484
Tenrikyo(→ Withdrew from the Federation in 1970) Nakayama Miki 1838[15] November 1908 2,000,000[lower-alpha 5][16]
Tensha Tsuchimikado Shinto (→ Never joined the Federation) 1953 50,000[17]
Oomoto(→ Joined the Federation in 1956) Nao Deguchi 1892[18] 1956 166,367 4,280 715
Total (sensuo stricto) 2,534,925[8] 21,598[8] 3,773[8]
Total (sensuo lacto) 4,584,925

After the war, Oomoto also joined the federation, but Tenrikyo and Shinto Taiseikyo withdrew from the federation, so the federation now has 12 affiliated groups.

There are five main groups of Sect Shinto[19]

Tenrikyo is now classified by the Agency for Cultural Affairs as one of the various religions, not as a Shinto denomination. [20]

Establishment of the system of denominational Shinto

The impetus for denominational Shinto was the separation of Shinto and Buddhism, which began with the 1868 (first year of Meiji) revival of the Department of Divinities and the Shinto and Buddhism Separation Order, which led to the formation of the Unity of ritual and government was formed by the state, and the concept of missionaries to propagate Shinto remained. Once the Bureau of Shinto Affairs was prepared, which brought together the traditionally existing shrines, Shinto koshas, and churches of folk beliefs, each denomination that met certain conditions became independent from it.

In 1870 (Meiji 3), an imperial edict of Proclamation of the Great Doctrine was issued, and in 1876 (Meiji 9), a dormitory was established in the Shinto Office to train priests. However, with the spread of the separation of church and state and freedom of religion, the Kyodo Shoku came to an end, and with it, the idea that it was necessary to establish an institution that was a more developed version of the former Shodo Shido Practice Center grew stronger. Accordingly, the Meiji government established the Office of Japanese Classics Research in Tokyo Prefecture, independent of the Bureau of Shinto Affairs, in order to organize the exploration of ideas unique to Japan. It was later succeeded by Kokugakuin University.

Formation of a united government

Around the first year of the Meiji Era (1868), several official decrees and decrees of the Grand Council of State centralized Shinto as a state religion and abolished the hereditary system of Shinto priests, thus ending the jurisdiction of the Shirakawa and Yoshida families over Shinto.[21]

The rituals of the Shinto shrines are the religious services of the state, and it is, of course, true that they are not the private property of one person or one family. This is a common practice in the country, and priests are considered to be a separate species from the people.
—  Meiji 4th Year Taishogun's Bulletin No. 234

In 1868, with the Meiji Restoration, the Shinto government was revived, and Shinto became the national religion.[22] The Separation of Shinto and Buddhism, which started with the Shinto-Buddhist Hanzen Order, a Daijo-kan directive, also progressed at the same time.[21] In 1870 (Meiji 3) Proclamation of the Great Doctrine was passed.[23] In 1872 (Meiji 5), the Missionary Office was abolished.[24]

Ministry of Religion, Kyodo Shoku, and the Taikyo Institute
Main articles: Ministry of Religion (Japan), Kyodo Shoku, and Great Teaching Institute

In March 1872 (Meiji 5), the Ministry of Religion was established, and in April Kyodo Shoku positions were assigned to priests and monks.[22] There were 14 ranks in the Kyodo Shoku, which proclaimed the Three Great Teachings.[22] The Ministry of Religion would be abolished in 1880.[25] Initially, the priesthood was divided into two parts, east and west, on April 29, and the eastern president was Ise Grand Shrine High Priest Konoe Tadafusa , the president of the West is Izumo Taisha's Omiya Tsukasa Takatomi Senge. It showed the appearance of a power struggle.[26] On January 30 of the following year, the two-part system was abolished and lumped together as Shinto, but later became a three-part system with Takatomi Senge, Koga Takemichi, and Inaba Masakuni, and on that same day, when Tanaka Yoriyasu, the grand priest of Ise Jingu, was added, the four-part system was abolished, with the Kurozumi and Shinto Shusei being specially established as denominational Shinto.[27]

In May 1873 (Meiji 6), the Ministry of Religion established the church intention, which is the standard for approval of the lecture company, and in August, Kurozumi, later Buddhist Kami, and Mitake. In addition to Mt. Fuji, which was later a Buddhist religion, a Buddhist lecture company was also approved.[28]

In 1873, Taikyo Institute was established, first in Kojimachi Kioicho and later in Zojo, Shiba, as the head temple of a joint Shinto and Buddhist sect.[29] The Taikyo Institute was placed at the initiative of the Buddhist side in order to concretize the teaching by the Ministry of Religion, but it became all about Shinto.[30] The Buddhist side of the movement broke away from the Shinshū and,[29] On April 30, 1875 (Meiji 8), the Taikyo Institute was dissolved by a directive of the Ministry of Religion.[31] Prior to this, the Bureau of Shinto Affairs was formed in March by a group of Shinto priests and instructors belonging to private Shinto-related organizations, as well as shrines throughout Japan, centering on Ise Grand Shrine. .[29] The Shinto side sensed that there was no organization that corresponded to the various Buddhist sects,[30] and On March 27, 1875 (Meiji 8), Grand High Priest Suechi Sanjonishi, Grand Priest-in-Charge Inaba Masakuni, Yoriyasu Tanaka, Hirayama Seisai, and Konosetsu Tsume jointly petitioned the Ministry of Religion for the establishment of a Shinto office.[32][33] Masakuni Inaba was the first president of the Bureau of Shinto Affairs, [34] Yoriyasu Tanaka was the Chief of Ise Jingu and the first head of Jingu-Kyo. ,[35] Hirayama Seisai was the grand priest of Hikawa Shrine and the first headmaster of Shinto Taiseikyo and Ontake-Kyo.[36] Hung Sesuen Tsume would become the second head minister of the Ontake Sect.[37]

Bureau of Shinto Affairs
Main article: Bureau of Shinto Affairs

The next day, March 28, 1875 (Meiji 8), he received permission to establish the Bureau of Shinto Affairs.[32] On April 8, he asked the Ministry of Religion for permission to establish the Bureau of Shinto Affairs, and the content of the request was that the present situation was such that Shinto could not be coordinated as a Shinto religion, but that even small Shinto shrines should be coordinated around the Ise Jingu Grand Shrine for the propagation of Shinto.[32] On April 15, the Bureau of Shinto Affairs was opened within the Tokyo Branch of the Jingu Office. [38] Since the Bureau of Shinto Affairs was a collection of shrines and koshas from all over the country, various denominations were able to branch out and become independent from it. In 1876 (9th year of Meiji), the year after the opening of the bureau, the Kurozumikyō, and Shinto Shusei, which had been flourishing, became independent denominations.[39]

Jingu Haruhai-den and the controversy over the deities of the shrine
Main article: Tokyo Daijingu

The Bureau of Shinto Affairs had a plan to make the Jingu Haruhaiden, which succeeded the Taikyo Institute, the central temple [25] and a center for missionary work.[40] Since the Jingu Haruhaiden was to enshrine a branch spirit of Amaterasu, not only the Ministry of Religion but also the Emperor visited the building and obtained permission from the Seiin to begin construction, which was funded by donations from the Imperial Household Agency and various families.[40] The Jingu Haruhaiden was later to become the Tokyo Daijingu.[25] The opinion of Takatomi Senge on the deities to be worshipped in the Bureau of Shinto Affairs's temples was so controversial in 1880 that it divided into the Ise and Izumo factions.[41] By order of the Meiji Emperor, a great conference on Shinto was held in January 1881 (Meiji 14), attended by 118 people, including all the chief priests of the government buildings and the instructors of the sixth grade and above, but the issue could not be settled and was settled in February by the imperial decision of the Meiji Emperor.[25]

Separation of Ritual and Faith

In January 1882, the separation of ritual and religion was enacted by the Ministry of Home Affairs through Bill No. 7, which prohibited those in the priest-teacher position from performing rituals, thereby promoting the separation of those who continued to be priests performing rituals or preaching the teachings, and solidifying the formation of Sect Shinto.[41][1]

Priests shall no longer serve as teachers and shall not be involved in funeral services.
— January 24, Meiji 15, the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications No. 7

After this, on May 15, 1882, the six factions, including Jingu-kyo, became independent, and the Jingu Haruhayashiden, which was the source of the ritual god controversy that was transferred to Jingu-kyo's ownership, was renamed Daijingu Shrine, and Jingu Taima was distributed by Jingu-kyo.[42] In some cases, such as Takatomi Senge, he took the opportunity to resign from his position as priest of Izumo Taisha Shrine and handed it over to his younger brother, who became the head of the Izumo Taisha Sect.[43]On August 11, 1884, the government issued a proclamation abolishing the Kyodo Shoku position.[44] Separation of church and state under the intention of separation of church and state through the unity of church and state, and the clear formation of Sect Shinto.[45]When the Kyodo Shoku position is abolished, the Bureau of Shinto Affairs loses its original reason for opening.[44] In 1886, the Bureau of Shinto Affairs, which had been the official central organ of Shinto, changed its name to the Shinto Taikyo and became one of the schools of Shinto.

Separation of Church and State

In December 1868 (the first year of Meiji), the Imperial Academy was established in Kyoto but was abolished the following year, and when the Ministry of Religion was established, the Ministry was responsible for research.[46]

In 1882 (Meiji 15), institutes of imperial studies were established one after another. The reason for this was the background of the keen awareness of the need for doctrinal studies in the rites and rituals controversy. The rituals of the state Shinto religion, the doctrines and teachings of the doctrinalists of the denominational Shinto religion, and the academic study of the doctrines and teachings by the national scholars, the rite and shrine controversy was divided between the doctrinalists and the national scholars, and as the doctrinalists became independent, the national scholars were stimulated and the separation of doctrine and learning progressed.[47] On April 30, Jingu-Kyo establishes Jingu Kōgakkan in Ise.[47] On May 30, the Department of Classics is established at the University of Tokyo.[48]

Office of Japanese Classics Research
Main article: Office of Japanese Classics Research

On November 4, 1881, the Office of Japanese Classics Research was established, [49] a unified Shinto missionary organization, was established to train Shinto priests for the Bureau of Shinto Affairs.[50] It was founded in 1881, using the imperial gift as a source of funds, by purchasing a mansion in Iidacho, Kojimachi-ku (present-day Chiyoda-ku).[50]

Immediately after the Great Council of Shinto, it was decided to establish it upon the proposal of Akiyoshi Yamada of Lord of Home Affairs.[48] Prince Arisugawa Takahito was appointed as the first president, and announced his intention to pursue a unique Japanese academic discipline.[51] In the "Announcement of the Establishment of the Imperial Academy," jointly signed by Li-Kuro Kubo, Yorikuni Inoue, Nakasaburo Itsumi, and Hans Shishino, the intention of the establishment of the academy was to train personnel to maintain Kokutai.[52] The Imperial Institute established branches in the provinces and qualified students for the priesthood.[48]

The Ministry of Religion, Kyodo Shoku, and the Grand Council of Churches

In March 1872 (Meiji 5), the Ministry of Religion was established, and in April, Kyodo Shoku positions were assigned to priests and monks.[22] There were 14 ranks in the Kyodo Shoku, and the Great Doctrine was proclaimed.[22] The Kyodo Shoku would be abolished in 1880.[25] The priesthood was initially divided into two divisions on April 29, with the eastern division headed by Konoe Tadafusa, priest of Ise Jingu Shrine, and the western division headed by Senke Takanofuku, the grand priest of Izumo Taisha Shrine, and since it was assumed that one's religious affiliation was free, there was a struggle for power between the Ise and Izumo factions.[26] On January 30 of the following year, the two-part system was abolished and they were lumped together as Shinto, but later became a three-part system with Takatomi Senge, Kuga Kentoshi, and Inaba Masakuni, and then a four-part system with the addition of Konoe Tadafusa, the grand priest of the Ise Grand Shrine, and on that same day the Kurozumikyō and Shinto Shusei were specially established as a denominational Shinto sect, and the compartment system was abolished.[27]

In May 1873, the Ministry of Religion issued a church ordinance, which set standards for the approval of kosha. In August, the Ministry approved the Kurozumikyō, the later Misogi-Kyo (Tohokami), the Mitake, and the later Fuso-kyo (Fuji Isan), as well as Buddhist kosha.[28]

In 1873, the Taikyo Institute was established as a joint Shinto and Buddhist head temple for Kyodo Shoku, first in Kojimachi-Kioicho and later in Masukami in Shiba.[29] The Taikyo Institute was the brainchild of the Buddhist side and was set up in order to materialize the indoctrination by the Ministry of Religion, but it became all about Shinto.[30] The Buddhist side, led by Shinshū, broke away from the religion.[29] On April 30, 1875, the Taikyo Institute was dissolved by order of the Ministry of Religion.[31] Prior to this, the Bureau of Shinto Affairs was formed in March by a group of Shinto shrines, mainly at Ise Shrine, and other shrines throughout Japan, as well as Shinto priests and instructors belonging to private Shinto-related kosha.[29] The Shinto side sensed that there was no organization that would correspond to the Buddhist sects.[30] On March 27, 1875, the Grand High Priestess Sanjonishi Sechi, the Grand High Priestess Inaba Masakuni, Yoriyou Tanaka, Hirayama Seisai, and Kosetsu Tsume jointly petitioned the Ministry of Religion to establish a Bureau of Shinto Affairs.[32] Masakuni Inaba was the first president of the Bureau of Shinto Affairs.[34] Yoriyou Tanaka is the Grand Priest of Ise Shrine and the first head of the Jingu-Kyo sect,[35] Hirayama Seisai was the Grand Priest of Hikawa Shrine and the first head of Shinto Taiseikyo and Ontake-kyo.[36] Kousetsu Tsume would become the second head priest of Utake-Kyo.[37]

Bureau of Shinto Affairs

The next day, March 28, 1875, he received permission to establish the Bureau of Shinto Affairs.[32] On April 8, he asked the Ministry of Religion for permission to establish a Bureau of Shinto Affairs. The content of the request was that even small shrines, centering on the Imperial Shrine at Ise, should be able to cooperate with each other for the purpose of propagating Shinto.[32] On April 15, the Bureau of Shinto Affairs was opened in the Tokyo Branch Office of the Jingu Shichosha.[38] In 1876, the year following the opening of the office, the Kurozumikyō and Shusei sects of Shinto became independent sects. In 1876, the year following the opening of the office, the Kurozumikyō and Shusei sects of Shinto became independent sects.[39]

Jingu Haruhai-den and the controversy over the deities of the shrine
Main article: Tokyo Daijingu

The Bureau of Shinto Affairs has the Jingu Haruhai-den, which succeeds the Taikyo Institute, as the central temple.[25] There was a plan to make it a missionary base.[40] Since the shrine would enshrine the spirit of Amaterasu, the Emperor visited the shrine and obtained permission from the Shoin, as well as the Ministry of Religion, to begin construction.[40] Jingu Haruhayashiden is later known as Tokyo Grand Shrine.[25] Takatomi Senge's opinion on the deities to be dedicated to the temples of the Bureau of Shinto Affairs was so controversial that by 1880, it was divided into the Ise and Izumo factions.[41] At the order of the Meiji Emperor, a Shinto Grand Council was held in January 1881. 118 people, including all the priests in the government buildings and the teaching staff of the 6th grade and above, participated in the council, but the council was unable to reach an agreement, and the matter was settled in February by an imperial decree of the Meiji Emperor.[25]

Sects

In 1895, eight denominations (Izumo Taisha-kyo, Kurozumi-kyo, Ontake-kyo, Jikkō kyō, Shinto Taiseikyo, Shinto Taikyo, Fuso-kyo, and Jingu-kyo (later known as the Jingu Honsai-kai Foundation)) joined to form the Shinto Doshikai, the forerunner of the Kyoha Shintō Rengōkai (教派神道連合会, Association of Sectarian Shinto).[53] In 1899 (Meiji 32), Shinto Headquarters (Shinto Taikyo), Shinrikyo, and Misogi-kyo join, and the name is changed to "Shinto Konwakai"; furthermore, in 1912 (Meiji 45), Konkokyo, Shinto Shusei, and Tenrikyo join, forming 13 groups, and the name is changed to "Shinto Interfaith Association".[53] In 1934, the current name was adopted.[53]

In 1956, Oomoto joined. Tenrikyo left the association in 1970 (Showa 45).[53] 1976 (Showa 51), Shinto Taiseikyo resigned its membership.[53] Also, Shinshu-kyo withdrew in 1959 and returned in 1994.

In 1995, on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of its formation, the "100th Anniversary of the Formation of the Federation of Shinto Churches" was held.[54] In addition to Misogi-kyo, Shinto Taikyo, Jikkō kyō, Konkokyo, Kurozumikyō, Fuso-kyo, Ontake-kyo, Shinrikyo, Oomoto, Shinshu-kyo, Shinto Shusei, Izumo Taisha-kyo, and twelve other denominations, the presidents of Tenrikyo and Shinto Taiseikyo also attended.[54]

Kurozumikyō
Main article: Kurozumikyō

Kurozumikyō (黒住教) is a group highly linked to Amaterasu.

Shinto Shusei
Main article: Shinto Shusei

Shinto Shusei (神道修成派) is a Sect Shinto organization and one of the thirteen shinto sects.[55] It is considered a form of Confucian Shinto[20][56][57]

It was founded by Nitta Kuniteru (1829–1902).[10] known to have read the Analects at age nine[10]

He considered allegiance to the Emperor of Japan to be central to his philosophy[10]

He founded the sect in 1849 at age twenty[10] considering Japanese people to be descendants of deities[10]

He was a supporter of Sonnō jōi but supported the Boshin Rebellion and the Meiji Restoration later.[10]

There are 7004 followers today[58]

Alongside Kurozumikyō it was one of the first two shinto sects to gain independence in 1876.[7]

It has not been very active in the postwar era[59]

Jingu-kyo
Main article: Jingu-kyo

Jingūkyō (神宮教) was a sect run out of Ise Grand Shrine which distributed Jingu Taima. It was a rival to Izumo-taishakyo and eventually left the federation and came to dominate State Shinto.

Izumo-taishakyo
Main article: Izumo-taishakyo

Izumo taishakyo was founded by Takatomi Senge.[11][60] and has 1,266,058 followers[8] It is a Fukko Shinto lineage and was a major rival with Jingūkyō at one point.

Fuso-kyo

Jikkō kyō (実行教) is a Mountain Worship sect

Hasegawa Kakugyo (who was also associated with Jikkō kyō) is traditionally seen as having founded it[61]

Jikkō kyō

Jikkō kyō (実行教) is a Mountain Worship sect

Hasegawa Kakugyo (who was also associated with Fuso-kyo) is traditionally seen as having founded it[61]

Shinto Taiseikyo
Main article: Shinto Taiseikyo

Shinto Taiseiky is a Confucian Shinto sect[56][57] It was founded by Hirayama Seisai.

Shinshu-kyo
Main article: Shinshu-kyo

Shinshu-kyo (神習教) is a "purification sect" alongside Misogikyo.[19]

It was founded by Masaki Yoshimura[62] who lived from 1839 to 1915[63] He was a survivor of the Ansei Purge.[64] and worked at Ise Jingu and later was head of Tatsuta Shrine, but due to laws restricting teaching he entrusted his children to Itō Hirobumi (before he became Prime Minister) and established a new branch based on his family traditions[65]

Ontake-kyo
Main article: Ontake-kyo

Ontake-kyo (御嶽教) is a Mountain worship sect dedicated to Mount Ontake.[66] It had 3 million members in 1930.[67] But as of 2020 it only has around 40,000 members[8]

Shinto Taikyo
Main article: Shinto Taikyo

Shintō Taikyō (神道大教) is the direct successor to the Taikyo Institute.

Its name Taikyo refers to the Three Great Teachings first proclaimed in the Proclamation of the Great Doctrine.[68] and it is linked to the historical Taikyo Institute

Shinrikyo

Shinrikyo (神理教, lit: divine principle) is a Sect Shinto group founded by Tsunehiko Sano.[69][13] It was founded in 1880[12][13]

He had previously studied medicine and was an advocate of traditional Japanese medicine. He studied kokugaku in his youth under Nishida Naokai[70][71]

The name is relatively common among Shinto groups and does not stand out[69] Aum Shinrikyo uses different characters in its name though.

It is considered in the Fukkoshinto lineage of Sect Shinto alongside Shinto Taikyo and Izumo-taishakyo.[20] It is among the thirteen shinto sects.[55]

His thought blurred the lines between monotheism and polytheism, entering transtheism.[69] Sano's concept of kami was aimed at resisting the propagation of Christianity while composing teachings that were in line with the aims of popular national indoctrination. His core elements of the concept of kami did not change throughout his life.[69]

He believed the etymology of Kami was derived from vital force (Ikimochi). He saw this as emphasizing the interconnectedness of everything from humans to nature, and as such this could be intereted as a monotheistic view.[69] He saw all the kami as unified under a divine principle, hence the name of the group.[69]

Misogikyo

Misogikyo (禊教) is considered a "purification sect" alongside Shinshu-kyo.[19]

Its name literally means Misogi religion

The group is quite obscure today[72] It is very ritual focused with little theoretical theology. In this way it contrasts with Yoshida Shinto.[72] It emphasizes right state of mind and self control[72] It has influence from Confucian Shinto but is its own tradition[72]

Konkokyo
Main article: Konkokyo

Konkōkyō (金光教, Konkō-kyō) is a group often considered its own religion which emerged from Shinbutsu-shūgō

Tenrikyo
Main article: Tenrikyo

Tenrikyo (天理教, Tenrikyō, sometimes rendered as Tenriism) is a sect shinto group often considered a separate religion from Shinto

Tensha Tsuchimikado Shinto

In the Edo period, the Tsuchimikado family, descendants of Abe no Seimei, established Tensha Tsuchimikado Shinto influenced by Confucian Shinto through Suika Shinto. However, because of the inclusion of fortune-telling and magic, the Meiji government considered it pagan and issued the "Tensha Shinto Prohibition Ordinance". After the war, it was restored as a religious corporation "Tensha Tsuchimikado Shinto Headquarters", but in the registration as a Religious corporation, it is neither a Sect Shinto nor a Shinto shrine, and it is classified as a "Religious corporation".

Oomoto
Main article: Oomoto

Oomoto (大本, Ōmoto, Great Source, or Great Origin) is a group often seen as a new religion

New Sect Shinto
See also: Japanese new religions

New Sect Shinto is a Japanese Shinto grouping. It is a subset of Sect Shinto.[73] The remainder of Sectarian Shinto is Sect Shinto.[73] New Sect Shinto consists of numerous organizations.[74] It is influenced by Buddhism and Confucianism.[73] In Japanese, the New Sect Shinto is called shin kyoha Shinto.[75]

It is part of the Sect Shinto movement not centering upon 13 sects.[76] New Shinto sects have shamanistic leadership, syncretism of religious and philosophical beliefs, closely knit social organization, and individualism.[76] Some groups have characteristics of monotheism, in the extreme case making a compromise of Buddhism, Confucianism, and folk religion.[76]

Shinto Order by GHQ
Main article: Shinto Directive

On December 15, 1945, the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers (GHQ) issued the Shinto Directive aimed at dismantling state Shinto. In January of the following year, the Dai Nihon Shinto-kai, the Imperial Academy, and the Jingu Bonan-kai were dissolved to form the Association of Shinto Shrines, a religious corporation.[77] In March, Jingu-Shogakukan University is abolished by the Shinto directive; in April, representatives of each denomination explain their own denomination to the GHQ Civilian Information and Education Department at Broadcasting Hall 108.[78] In June, at a meeting at Tenrikyo's Honshiba Grand Church between the presidents of the various schools and W. K. Vance, head of the Religious Affairs Division at GHQ, the occupying forces promised not to impose any restrictions on the religious activities of the Shinto sects.[78]

Restoration of Tenrikyo and Konkokyo's Council on Educational System

Tenrikyo established a policy of restoration immediately in 1945, and Konkokyo established the Council for the Establishment of the Faith in 1951 to eliminate Shinto colors.[79]

The Religious Corporation Law and the New Shinto Religions

The system in which there were 13 Shinto sects and 13 Buddhist sects recognized by the government was broken up into even smaller groups as religious organizations when the Religious Corporation Law was enacted.

Later Shinto research institutions

Many of the scholars who had played a central role in Shinto research and education were expelled and replaced by folklorists such as Shinobu Orikuchi and Kunio Yanagita, as well as younger Shinto scholars who escaped expulsion.[80] On March 20, 1946, Kokugakuin University became a corporation, and the training of priests, which had been commissioned by the Ministry of Home Affairs, was continued from April as a new commission from the Jinja Main Office. The following year, Vance and Woodard of the Religious Affairs Division of GHQ decided that there was no problem with the study of Shinto and training of priests as a private university, and in 1948, the Shinto Affairs Department was established to form a Shinto training organization.[81]

The Shinto Scholarship Association, which had been conducting Shinto courses, was also dissolved in 1946.[82] In July 1949, at a meeting of the Federation of Shinto Sects at the Kinko Grand Church of the Tenrikyo Tokyo Branch Office, it was decided that Shinto lectures would be held at the Shinto Training Department of Kokugakuin University on behalf of the Federation of Shinto Sects, and this continued from that year until 1966.[82]By holding the Shinto course at Kokugakuin University, he planned to create an image of the university as a Shinto university that combines both shrines Shinto and Sect Shinto.[82] As of 1996, Kokugakuin University is said to be the only university with a course on Sect Shinto.

See also

Annotations

Footnotes
  1. One of the predecessor organizations that formed the Association of Shinto Shrines after the war.
  2. Statistics source excluding Tenrikyo and Tensha Tsuchimikado Shinto
  3. Depending on interpretation up to 98 million followers due to its role in founding the Association of Shinto Shrines
  4. As the Great Teaching Institute
  5. 2002 data

References
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