Non-exhaust emissions

Non-exhaust emissions come from wearing down motor vehicle brake pads, tires, roads themselves, and unsettling of particles on the road.[1][2][3][4][5] This particulate matter is made up of micrometre-sized particles and causes negative health effects, including respiratory disease and cancer.[6] Very fine particulate matter has been linked to cardiovascular disease.[7]

Studies have shown that non-exhaust emissions of particles from vehicles can be greater than particles due to exhaust.[4]

Types of emissions
  • Brake wear gets released into the air as particulate matter.[1][5]
  • Particles on the road get thrown or blown into the air.[5]
  • Rubber pollution gets released into the air.[5]
  • The road itself wears and releases particulate matter into the air.[2]

Ways of reducing emissions

Better regulation of tires has been suggested.[8] Lighter vehicles pollute less.[8]

Electric and hybrid vehicles

Electric vehicles and hybrid vehicles with regenerative braking still unsettle particles on the roadway and give off rubber and road pollution, and do so at a higher rate than lighter internal combustion vehicles,[5] but do not emit the same level of brake wear compared to vehicles of the same type.[9]

Regulatory agencies and policies that target exhaust emissions

Very few agencies are charged with implementing exhaust emission standards for non-exhaust emissions.[1] Most policies target exhaust emissions and do not regulate non-exhaust particulate matter emissions.[2] As of February 2023 Euro 7 standards are still being argued about.[10]

See also

References
  1. "Non-exhaust Particulate Emissions from Road Transport (highlights)" (PDF). Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Publishing, Paris.
  2. Non-exhaust Particulate Emissions from Road Transport: An Ignored Environmental Policy Challenge (Report). Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. 2020. doi:10.1787/4a4dc6ca-en. ISBN 9789264452442.
  3. Piscitello, Amelia; Bianco, Carlo; Casasso, Alessandro; Sethi, Rajandrea (2021). "Non-exhaust traffic emissions: Sources, characterization, and mitigation measures". Science of the Total Environment. 766: 144440. Bibcode:2021ScTEn.766n4440P. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144440. PMID 33421784. S2CID 231437358.
  4. "Non-exhaust emission sources". Royal Society of Chemistry Environmental Chemistry Group.
  5. Beddows, David C.S.; Harrison, Roy M. (2021). "PM10 and PM2.5 emission factors for non-exhaust particles from road vehicles: Dependence upon vehicle mass and implications for battery electric vehicles" (PDF). Atmospheric Environment. 244: 117886. Bibcode:2021AtmEn.24417886B. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117886. S2CID 224851906.
  6. US EPA, OAR (26 April 2016). "Health and Environmental Effects of Particulate Matter (PM)". US EPA. Retrieved 5 October 2019.
  7. "Pollution Particles Lead to Higher Heart Attack Risk". Bloomberg L.P. 17 January 2008. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011.
  8. "Car tyres produce vastly more particle pollution than exhausts, tests show". the Guardian. 2022-06-03. Retrieved 2022-06-04.
  9. Hall, Thomas J. (2017). "A Comparison of Braking Behavior between an IC Engine and Pure Electric Vehicle in Los Angeles City Driving Conditions". Brake Colloquium & Exhibition. SAE Technical Paper Series. 1. doi:10.4271/2017-01-2518.
  10. "ETRMA: New tire emissions rules must be 'synchronised' with UN requirements | European Rubber Journal". www.european-rubber-journal.com. Retrieved 2023-03-07.
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