Metapterodon

Metapterodon ("next to Pterodon") is an extinct genus of hyainailourid hyaenodonts of the tribe Metapterodontini withnin paraphyletic subfamily Hyainailourinae, that lived in Africa during the early Oligocene to early Miocene.[8] Fossils of Metapterodon were recovered from the Egypt, Uganda, Elisabeth Bay Formation in Namibia, and Rusinga Island and Karungu in Kenya.[9]

Metapterodon
Temporal range: early Oligocene to early Miocene
part of a lower jaw of
Metapterodon brachycephalus
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: †Hyaenodonta
Superfamily: †Hyainailouroidea
Family: †Hyainailouridae
Subfamily: †Hyainailourinae
Tribe: †Metapterodontini
Morales & Pickford, 2017[1]
Genus: †Metapterodon
Stromer, 1926
Type species
†Metapterodon kaiseri
Stromer, 1926
Species
  • †M. brachycephalus (Osborn, 1909)[2]
  • †M. kaiseri (Stromer, 1926)[3]
  • †M. stromeri (Morales, 1998)[4]
Synonyms
synonyms of genus:
  • Afropterodon (Lavrov, 1999)[5]
synonyms of species:
  • M. brachycephalus:
    • Afropterodon brachycephalus (Lavrov, 1999)
    • Isohyaenodon brachycephalus (Savage, 1965)[6]
    • Hyaenodon brachycephalus (Osborn, 1909)
    • Protohyaenodon brachychephalus (Lavrov, 1999)
    • Protohyaenodon brachycephalus (Lavrov, 1999)
    • Pterodon brachycephalus (Van Valen, 1967)[7]

Classification and phylogeny

Taxonomy

The Paleogene species Metapterodon schlosseri and Metapterodon markgrafi have been reassigned to Falcatodon and Sectisodon respectively.[1]

Phylogeny

The phylogenetic relationships of genus Metapterodon are shown in the following cladogram:[10][11][12][13]

 †Hyaenodonta 

†Eoproviverra

†Boualitomidae

†Arfiidae

†Limnocyonidae

†Sinopidae

†Hyaenodontoidea

†Gazinocyon

†Pyrocyon

†Galecyon

 †Afro‑Arabian clade 

†Indohyaenodontidae

†Glibzegdouia

†Parvavorodon

†Koholiidae

†Tritemnodon

†Furodon

†Kyawdawia

†Paratritemnodon

†Teratodontidae

†Hyainailouroidea

†Apterodontinae

†Orienspterodon

†Hyainailourinae

†Hemipsalodon

 ? 

†Ischnognathus

 †Akhnatenavus clade

†Akhnatenavus

†Paroxyaenini

†"Pterodon" sp. (BC 15’08)

†Hyainailourinae sp. (UON 84-359)

†Hyainailourinae sp. C (DPC 9243 & DPC 10315)

†Hyainailourinae sp. D (DPC 6545)

†Hyainailourinae sp. A (DPC 6555)

†"Pterodon" africanus

†Parapterodon

†"Pterodon" sp. (DPC 5036)

†"Pterodon" phiomensis

†Hyainailourini

†Kerberos

†"Pterodon" syrtos

 †Pterodon clade

†Pterodontina

†Falcatodon

†Sectisodon

†Exiguodon

†Isohyaenodon zadoki

†Isohyaenodon  (†Isohyaenodontina)

†Isohyaenodon andrewsi

†Sivapterodon

†Hyainailouros bugtiensis

†Hyainailouros napakensis

†Hyainailouros

†Hyainailouros sulzeri

†Hyainailourinae sp. (GSN AD 100’96)

†Simbakubwa

†Leakitheriini

†Megistotherium

†Mlanyama

 †Metapterodontini 
 †Metapterodon 

†Metapterodon brachycephalus

†Metapterodon kaiseri

†Metapterodon stromeri

†Pakakali

†Prionogalidae
†Lahimia
clade
†Arfia
clade
†Galecyon
clade
†Indohyaenodon
clade
†Tritemnodon
clade
†Kyawdawia
clade

See also

References
  1. Jorge Morales; Martin Pickford (2017). "New hyaenodonts (Ferae, Mammalia) from the Early Miocene of Napak (Uganda), Koru (Kenya) and Grillental (Namibia)" (PDF). Fossil Imprint. 73 (3–4): 332–359. doi:10.2478/if-2017-0019. S2CID 31350436.
  2. H. F. Osborn (1909.) "New carnivorous mammals from the Fayûm Oligocene, Egypt." Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 26:415-424
  3. Stromer, E. (1926.) "Reste land und süsswasser bewohnender Wirbeltiere aus dem Diamentenfelden Deutsch Südwestafrikas." In: Kaiser, E. (ed.), "Die Diamantenwüste Südwestafrikas, vol. 2." Dietrich Reimer, Berlin, pp. 107–153.
  4. J. Morales, M. Pickford and D. Soria (1998.) "A new creodont Metapterodon stromeri nov. sp. (Hyaenodontidae, Mammalia) from the Early Miocene of Langental (Sperrgebiet, Namibia)." Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences, Serie II. Sciences de la Terre et des Planetes 327(9):633-638.
  5. A. V. Lavrov (1999.) "Adaptive Radiation of Hyaenodontinae (Creodonta, Hyaenodontidae) of Asia." in 6th Congress of the Theriological Society, Moscow, April 13–16, p. 138 [in Russian].
  6. R. J. G. Savage (1965.) "Fossil Mammals of Africa: The Miocene Carnivora of East Africa." Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Geology 10(8):241-316
  7. L. Van Valen (1967.) "New Paleocene insectivores and insectivore classification." Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 135(5):217-284
  8. McKenna, Malcolm C.; Bell, Susan K. (1997). Classification of Mammals Above the Species Level. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-11012-9. Retrieved 16 March 2015.
  9. Metapterodon at Fossilworks.org
  10. Borths, Matthew R.; Stevens, Nancy J. (2017). "Deciduous dentition and dental eruption of Hyainailouroidea (Hyaenodonta, "Creodonta," Placentalia, Mammalia)". Palaeontologia Electronica. 20 (3): 55A. doi:10.26879/776.
  11. Matthew R. Borths; Nancy J. Stevens (2019). "Simbakubwa kutokaafrika, gen. et sp. nov. (Hyainailourinae, Hyaenodonta, 'Creodonta,' Mammalia), a gigantic carnivore from the earliest Miocene of Kenya". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 39 (1): e1570222. doi:10.1080/02724634.2019.1570222. S2CID 145972918.
  12. Floréal Solé; Bernard Marandat; Fabrice Lihoreau (2020). "The hyaenodonts (Mammalia) from the French locality of Aumelas (Hérault), with possible new representatives from the late Ypresian". Geodiversitas. 42 (13): 185–214. doi:10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a13. S2CID 219585388.
  13. Solé, F.; Morlo, M.; Schaal, T.; Lehmann, T. (2021). "New hyaenodonts (Mammalia) from the late Ypresian locality of Prémontré (France) support a radiation of the hyaenodonts in Europe already at the end of the early Eocene". Geobios. 66–67: 119–141. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2021.02.004. S2CID 234848856.
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