List of large volcanic eruptions

This is a sortable summary of the pages Timeline of volcanism on Earth, List of Quaternary volcanic eruptions, and Large volume volcanic eruptions in the Basin and Range Province. Uncertainties as to dates and tephra volumes are not restated, and references are not repeated. Volcanic explosivity index (VEI) values for events in the Miocene epoch sometimes lack references. They are given as VEI-equivalent, as an estimate of the erupted tephra volume. This is not a comprehensive list.

Satellite images of the 15 January 2022 eruption of Hunga Tonga-Hunga Haʻapai

List of volcanic eruptions

VEI	Volcano/complex	Volcanic arc/belt, subregion, or hotspot	Material volume (km³)	Date	Age in Ma[1]	Tephra or eruption name	Comments
5	Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai	Tonga-Kermadec Islands volcanic arc	9.5	2022-01-15	-0.000072	2022 Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha'apai eruption and tsunami
5	Puyehue-Cordón Caulle	Andean Volcanic Belt	1	2011-06-04	-0.000061	2011–2012 Puyehue-Cordón Caulle eruption
5	Mount Hudson	Andean Volcanic Belt	4.3	1991-08-08	-0.000041
6	Mount Pinatubo[2]	Luzon Volcanic Arc	13	1991-06-15	-0.000041	1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo
5	El Chichón[2]	Chiapanecan Volcanic Arc	2	1982-04-04	-0.000032	tephra unit A
5	Mount St. Helens[2]	Cascade Volcanic Arc	1.3	1980-05-18	-0.00003	1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens	landslide volume 0.7 mi³ (2.9 km³)
5	Mount Agung	Sunda Arc, Bali	1	1963-03-17	-0.000013
5	Bezymianny	Kamchatka	1.9	1955	-0.000005
5	Quizapú	Andean Volcanic Belt	9.5	1932	0.000018
6	Novarupta[2]	SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc	31.2	1912-06-06	0.000038
6	Santa María[2]	Central America Volcanic Arc, Guatemala	20	1902-10-24	0.000048
5	Mount Tarawera	Taupō Volcanic Zone	2	1886-06-15	0.000064	1886 eruption of Mount Tarawera
6	Krakatoa[2]	Sunda Arc	26	1883-08-26	0.000067	1883 eruption of Krakatoa	The eruption of Krakatoa caused the loudest sound in recorded history
5	Askja	Iceland	1.83	1875-03-28	0.000075
5	Shiveluch	Kamchatka	2	1854-02-18	0.000096
5	Cosigüina	Central America Volcanic Arc, Nicaragua	4.25	1835-01-20	0.000115
5	Mount Galunggung	Sunda Arc, Java	2	1822-10-08	0.000128		killed over 4,000 people
7	Mount Tambora[2]	Sunda Arc, Sumbawa	160-213	1815-04-10	0.000135	1815 eruption of Mount Tambora	Caused the “Year Without a Summer,” which caused crops to fail and killed over 100,000-200,000 people
6?	Source unknown	Source unknown		1808/1809	0.000141	Undocumented 1808 eruption[3]
5	Mount St. Helens	Cascade Volcanic Arc	1.5	1800	0.00015	T (Goat Rocks)
5	Mount Fuji	Honshū	1.7	1707-12-16 / 1708-2-24	0.000243	Hōei eruption of Mount Fuji
6	Long Island, PNG	Bismarck Volcanic Arc	> 30	1660 CE	0.00029	Tibito tephra
6	Huaynaputina	Andes, Central Volcanic Zone	30	1600-02-19	0.00035
5	Kelud	Sunda Arc, Java	1	1586 CE	0.000364
6	Billy Mitchell	Bougainville & Solomon Is.	13.5	1580 CE	0.00037	BM2
5	Mount St. Helens	Cascade Volcanic Arc	1.5	1482 CE	0.000468	We (Kalama)
5	Mount St. Helens	Cascade Volcanic Arc	7.7	1480 CE	0.000470	Wn (Kalama)
6	Bárðarbunga	Iceland	10	1477 CE	0.000473	Veidivatnahraun
7	1452/1453 mystery eruption	Unknown	108	1452 - 1453	0.000498
6	Quilotoa	Andes, Northern Volcanic Zone	21	1280 CE	0.00067
7	Mount Samalas	Lombok Island	130-200	1257 CE	0.000693	1257 Samalas eruption;	May have triggered the Little Ice Age[4]
6	Ceboruco	Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt	10.95	1005 CE ±15	0.000945	Jala Pumice
7	Baekdu Mountain[2]	Balhae (China – North Korea border)	120	~946 CE	0.001004	Baegdusan-Tomakomai Tephra	Millennium eruption, Caldera stage IV
6	Mount Churchill	eastern Alaska	50	847 CE ±1	0.001103	WRAe	Formed the Pumice Terrace
6	Pago	Bismarck Volcanic Arc	20	710 CE ±75	0.00124	Witori-Galilo tephra
6	Rabaul	Bismarck Volcanic Arc	24	683 CE	0.001267	Rabaul Pyroclastics
6	Dakataua	Bismarck Volcanic Arc	10	653 CE	0.001297	Dk
6-7	Unknown source	Unknown		535 CE	0.001415	Volcanic winter of 536	David Keys, Ken Wohletz, and others have postulated that a violent volcanic eruption, possibly of Krakatoa, in 535 was responsible for the global climate changes of 535–536.[5] Keys explores what he believes to be the radical and far-ranging global effects of such a putative 6th-century eruption in his book Catastrophe: An Investigation into the Origins of the Modern World. This eruption was believed to have been even more violent than Krakatoa's 1883 eruption, and also the one that created Krakatoa's original caldera, which resulted in the creation of Verlaten Island and Lang Island.[6] However, there are other explanations for the climate change, including an eruption of Ilopango in El Salvador, in Central America.
6-7	Lake Ilopango	Central America Volcanic Arc, El Salvador	84-104	430 CE	0.001415	Tierra Blanca Joven eruption
5	Mount Vesuvius	Campanian volcanic arc	1.2	472-11-05	0.001478	Pollena
6	Mount Churchill	eastern Alaska	10	245 CE ±100	0.001705	WRAn
6	Ksudach	Kamchatka	18.5	240 CE ±100	0.00171	KS1
7	Taupō Volcano[2]	Taupō Volcanic Zone	110	232 ± 5 CE	0.00172	Hatepe eruption
5	Mount Vesuvius	Campanian volcanic arc	3.25	79-10-24?	0.001871	Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79
6	Ambrym	Vanuatu	70	50 CE	0.0019	Ambrym Pyroclastic Series
6	Apoyeque	Central America Volcanic Arc, Nicaragua	18	50 BCE	0.002
6	Okmok Caldera	Umnak, Aleutian Arc	50	76 BCE ±79	0.002026	Okmok II
5	Etna	Campanian volcanic arc	1	122 BCE	0.002072	S flank, summit (Cratere del Piano caldera)
6	Raoul Island	Kermadec Islands	28.8	250 BCE	0.0022	Fleetwood
5	Mount Meager massif	Garibaldi Volcanic Belt	⩾ 1	410 BCE ±200	0.00236	Bridge River eruption
5	Mount St. Helens	Cascade Volcanic Arc	1.2	530 BCE	0.00248	Ps/Pu (Pine Creek)
6	Mount Pinatubo	Luzon Volcanic Arc	12.5	1050 BCE	0.003	Maraunot eruptive period
5	Avachinsky	Kamchatka	1.75	1350 BCE	0.0033	Tephra layer IIAV3
6	Pago	Bismarck Volcanic Arc	30	1370 BCE ±160	0.00332	Witori-Kimbe 2 tephra
6	Taupō Volcano	Taupō Volcanic Zone	17	1460 BCE	0.003410	Waimihia eruption
5	Avachinsky	Kamchatka	≥ 3.6	1500 BCE	0.00345	Tephra layer AV1
5	Etna	Campanian volcanic arc	1	1500 BCE ±50	0.00345
6	Mount Aniakchak	SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc	50	1541 BCE ±95	0.003491	Aniakchak II
7	Youngest Caldera, Santorini	South Aegean Volcanic Arc	123	1610 BCE	0.00356	Minoan eruption
5	Mount St. Helens	Cascade Volcanic Arc	3.5	1770 BCE ±100	0.00372	Ye (Smith Creek)
6	Mount St. Helens	Cascade Volcanic Arc	15.3	1860 BCE	0.00381	Yn (Smith Creek)
6	Mount Hudson	Andes, Southern Volcanic Zone	12	1890 BCE	0.00384
6	Black Peak	SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc	30	1900 BCE ±150	0.00385
6-7	Deception Island[7]	South Shetland Islands	30-60 (DRE)	2030 BCE	0.00398	Outer Coast Tuff
6	Long Island, PNG	Bismarck Volcanic Arc	> 10	2040 BCE	0.00399	biliau beds
5	Phlegraean Fields	Campanian volcanic arc	1.8	2150 BCE ±4000	0.0041	Agnano Monte Spina
7	Paektu Mountain	Balhae (China – North Korea border)		2264 BCE?	0.004214 - 0.051[8]	Tianwenfeng eruption
7	Cerro Blanco (Argentina)	Andes, Central Volcanic Zone	172	2300 BCE	0.00425
6	Mount Veniaminof	SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc	> 50	2304 BCE ±151	0.004254	V2
5	Mount St. Helens	Cascade Volcanic Arc	1.2	2340 BCE	0.00429	Yb (Smith Creek)
6	Mount Vesuvius	Campanian volcanic arc	2.0	2420 BCE ±40	0.00437	Avellino eruption
5	Avachinsky	Kamchatka	1.5	3200 BCE ±150	0.00515	Tephra layer IAv20; AV3
6	Mount Pinatubo	Luzon Volcanic Arc	12.5	3550 BCE	0.0055	Crow Valley eruptive period
6	Taal Volcano	Luzon Volcanic Arc	50	3580 BCE	0.00553	Taal scoria pyroclastic flow
6	Pago	Bismarck Volcanic Arc	10	4000 BCE ±210	0.00595	Witori-Kimbe 1 tephra
6	Masaya Volcano	Central America Volcanic Arc, Nicaragua	14.8	4050 BCE	0.006
5	Avachinsky	Kamchatka	≥ 4	4340 BCE	0.00629	Tephra layer IAv12; AV4
6-7	Macauley Island	Kermadec Islands	⩽ 100	4360 BCE	0.00631
6	Mount Hudson	Andes, Southern Volcanic Zone	18	4750 BCE	0.0067
7	Kikai Caldera	Ryukyu Islands	> 170	5284 BCE ±69	0.007234[9]	Akahoya eruption
6	Lake Mashū	Hokkaidō	18.6	5550 BCE	0.0075	Ma-f/g/h/i/j
6	Khangar	Kamchatka	15	5700 BCE	0.00765	KHG tephra
7	Crater Lake (as Mount Mazama)	Cascade Volcanic Arc	120	5783 BCE ±49	0.007733	Mazama Tephra	Caldera formation
5-6	Crater Lake	Cascade Volcanic Arc	> 9	5900 BCE ±50	0.00785	Lower Pumice, Llao Rock
5	Avachinsky	Kamchatka	9	5980 BCE	0.00793	Tephra layer IAv2
6	Menengai	East African Rift	70	6050 BCE	0.008
6	Mount Aniakchak	Aleutian Arc	30	6300 BCE ±1250	0.00825	Aniakchak I
6	Karkar Island	Bismarck Volcanic Arc	20	6318 BCE	0.008268	Wadau deposit
6	Tao-Rusyr Caldera	Onekotan, Kuril Islands	55	6348 BCE ±90	0.008298
7	Kurile Lake	Kamchatka	155	6439 BCE ±23	0.008387	Ilinsky eruption
6	Karymsky	Kamchatka	14.5	6600 BCE	0.00855	Tephra layer KRM
5-6	Mount Vesuvius	Campanian volcanic arc	5.1	6940 BCE ±100	0.00889	Mercato eruption
6	Okmok Caldera	Umnak, Aleutian Arc	75	7276 BCE ±1180	0.009226	Okmok I
6	Morne Trois Pitons	Dominica, Lesser Antilles island arc	58	7441 BCE ±94	0.009391	PPR3 - Link fall
6	Mount Pinatubo	Luzon Volcanic Arc	⩾10	7460 BCE	0.00941	Tayawan caldera, Pasbul eruptive period
6	Água de Pau	São Miguel Island, Azores	11.5	8000 BCE	0.00995	Inner Caldera Formation
7	Semisopochnoi Island	Aleutian Arc	120	8000 BCE	0.00995	Caldera formation
6	Grímsvötn	Iceland	15	8230 BCE	0.01018	Saksunarvatn tephra
6	Ulleung	South Korea	28.5	8266 BCE ±39[9]	0.010216	Ulleungdo-Oki tephra
6	Lvinaya Past	Kuril Islands	75	8685 BCE ±71	0.010635
7	Fisher Caldera	Unimak, Aleutian Arc	142	8722 BCE ±392	0.010672	Fisher Tuff	Caldera formation
6	Longonot	Great Rift Valley, Kenya	50	8910 BCE	0.01086
6	Lolobau Island	Bismarck Volcanic Arc	50		0.0012	caldera formation
6	Phlegraean Fields	Campanian volcanic arc	79		0.0149	Neapolitan Yellow Tuff
6	Menengai	Great Rift Valley, Kenya	< 25		0.012345	Ruplax Tuff
6	Nevado de Toluca	Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt	20		0.01245	Upper Toluca Pumice
6	Sakurajima	Kyūshū	11		0.0128	Sakurajima-Satsuma Tuff
6	Laacher See	Eifel hotspot	20	10900 BCE	0.0129
6	Nigorigawa	Hokkaidō	10.9		0.0146
6	Maly Semyachik	Kamchatka	17.5		0.015
7	Phlegraean Fields	Campanian volcanic arc			0.0157
6	Towada	Honshū	56		0.0155	eruption episode L
6	Mount Erebus	Antarctica	⩾ 10		0.018 ±7k	Younger caldera formation
5	Mount Vesuvius	Campanian volcanic arc	1.3		0.019265	Green Pumice
7	Long Island, PNG	Bismarck Volcanic Arc	100		0.019278	Kiau Ignimbrite
7	Zavaritzki Caldera	Simushir, Kuril Islands	200		0.02
6	Rabaul	Bismarck Volcanic Arc	> 10		0.020982	Kulau Ignimbrite
6	Cape Riva Caldera, Santorini	South Aegean Volcanic Arc	> 20		0.0218	Cape Riva
6	Menengai	Great Rift Valley, Kenya	26.1		0.021	Caldera formation 2
5	Mount Vesuvius	Campanian volcanic arc	1.9		0.02203	Basal Pumice
6	Mount Katmai	SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc	⩾ 10		0.0228	Late Pleistocene rhyodacite pumice fall and ignimbrite
6	Dôme Carva	Kerguelen Islands	27.5		0.026 ±6k	Trachytic ignimbrite
8	Taupō Volcano	Taupō Volcanic Zone	1170		0.0265	Oruanui eruption	First documented Supervolcanic eruption
6	Morne Diablotins	Dominica, Lesser Antilles island arc	14		0.026581	Grand Savanne Ignimbrite
?	Laguna Caldera	Luzon Volcanic Arc			0.027-29
5	Mount Vesuvius	Campanian volcanic arc	2.2		0.028555	Codola Pumice
6	Phlegraean Fields	Campanian volcanic arc	≥ 10		0.02905	Y3
6	Emmons Lake caldera	SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc	50		0.029262	Dawson Tephra
6	Nemrut yanardağı	Turkey	65.4		0.0297
7-8	Aira Caldera	Kyūshū	940 - 1,040[10]		0.03[9]	Ito Ignimbrite
6	Nemo Peak	Onekotan, Kuril Islands	10		0.03083	Nemo III
6	Shiveluch	Kamchatka	> 30		0.032161	caldera formation
6	Volcán Los Azufres	Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt	11		0.032804	Cieneguillas Ignimbrite
6	Morne Trois Pitons	Dominica, Lesser Antilles island arc	58		0.033342	Roseau Tuff/Ignimbrite
7	Lake Ranau	Sunda Arc, Sumatra	150		0.03364	Ranau Tuff
6	Nemo Peak	Onekotan, Kuril Islands	31.25		0.034	Nemo II
6	Mount Batur	Sunda Arc, Bali	84		0.034565	Ubud Ignimbrite
6	Ksudach	Kamchatka	25		0.035	Caldera II
6	Lake Mashū	Hokkaidō	10		0.03525[11]	Nu-p
6	Menengai	Great Rift Valley, Kenya	26.1		0.03562	Menengai Tuff
6	Towada	Honshū	46		0.036	eruption episode N
7	Gorely	Kamchatka	120		0.038981	Southern sea cliffs
6	Lake Mashū	Hokkaidō	10		0.03829[11]	Nu-r
6	Mount Erebus	Antarctica	⩾ 10		0.018 ±6k	Older caldera formation
7	Phlegraean Fields	Campanian volcanic arc	430 - 680		0.03985	Campanian Ignimbrite Eruption
7	Kussharo	Hokkaidō	170		0.03931	Kp-1, Kutcharo Shoro Ash
5	Galeras	Andes, Northern Volcanic Zone			0.04
6	Ksudach	Kamchatka	40		0.04	Caldera I
6	Ugashik-Peulik	SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc	30		0.04	Caldera formation
6?	Ulleung	South Korea	10?		0.04[9]	Ulleungdo-Yamato tephra
6	Irosin Caldera	Bicol-Leyte Volcanic Arc	70		0.041	Irosin Ignimbrites
6	Qualibou	Saint Lucia, Lesser Antilles island arc	11		0.042264	Choiseul Tuff
6	Mount St. Helens	Cascade Volcanic Arc	10.32		0.0425	C (Cs, Cy, Cm, Cw, Ct) (Ape Canyon)
7	Uzon-Geyzernaya calderas	Kamchatka	150		0.43603	Uzon ignimbrite - northern field
6	Golovnin	Kunashir, Kuril Islands	15		0.043683	Kn III-5 Tephra
6	Mount Akagi	Honshū	25.9		0.044	Akagi-Kanuma pumice
6	Mendeleev	Kunashir, Kuril Islands	60		0.044114	caldera formation
7	Opala	Kamchatka	225		0.044484	caldera formation
5-6	Naruko	Honshū	5 - 10[11]		0.045	Yanagisawa Tuff
7	Nemo Peak	Onekotan, Kuril Islands	> 115		0.045	Nemo I
6	Smith Island	Izu–Bonin–Mariana Arc	49		0.045
7	Shikotsu	Hokkaidō	350 - 390[12]		0.046	caldera formation
6	Kuttara	Hokkaidō	14.4 DRE[11]		> 0.043[14]	Kt-1
6	Kuttara	Hokkaidō	10.2 DRE		0.05	Kt-2
7	Ōkataina Volcanic Complex	Taupō Volcanic Zone			0.05	Rotoiti Ignimbrite
6	Phlegraean Fields	Campanian volcanic arc	13.1		0.05095	Santa Lucia Tephra
7	Lake Maninjau	Sunda Arc, Sumatra	235		0.052	Maninjau paroxysmal welded and unwelded tuffs
6	Mount Kujū	Kyūshū	12[15]		0.05352	Kuju-Handa pyroclastic flow (Kj-Hd), Kuju-1 Pumice (Kj-P1)
6	Skaros Caldera, Santorini	South Aegean Volcanic Arc	13.75		0.054	Upper Scoriae 2
6	Kuttara	Hokkaidō	20.1 DRE		0.05 - 0.06	Kt-3
6	Ischia	Campanian volcanic arc	≥ 10		0.056	X2
6	Daisen	Honshū	40		0.05957[9]	Daisen-Kurayoshi Pumice
6	Shikotsu	Hokkaidō	50		0.06	Shadai eruption
6	Towada	Honshū	10		0.061	eruption episode Q
6	Newberry Volcano	Cascade Volcanic Arc	> 12.5		0.0625	Olema tephra, Paulina tephra
6	Hakone	Honshū	20		0.066	Hakone-Tokyo Pumice
6	Akademia Nauk	Kamchatka	12.5		0.0694	Odnoboky O2 tuffs
6	Los Humeros	Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt	37		0.069	Zaragoza Tuff
6	Ischia	Campanian volcanic arc	40		0.056	Monte Epomeo Green Tuff
6	Los Humeros	Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt	24		0.07	Faby Tuff
6	Pico do Fogo	Cape Verde			0.073
5-6	Naruko	Honshū	5 - 10		0.073	Nisaka Tuff
8	Lake Toba Caldera	Sunda Arc, Sumatra	2800 (DRE) - 13,200[16]	73000 BCE	0.074	Youngest Toba Tuff	The eruption of Lake Toba was the biggest volcanic eruption in the Quaternary period.[17]
6	Barrier Volcano	Great Rift Valley, Kenya	10		0.074	caldera formation
6	Kuttara	Hokkaidō	> 11 DRE		0.075	Kt-4
6	Phlegraean Fields	Campanian volcanic arc	12.35		0.08	CA-1a Tephra
6	Bolshoy Semyachik	Kamchatka	42		0.08	Bol'shoi Semiachik Caldera II
6	Hakone	Honshū	10		0.08	Hakone-Obaradai Pumice
6?	Mount Pinatubo	Luzon Volcanic Arc	25		0.081	Inararo Tuff
6	Etna	Campanian volcanic arc	10		0.00828	X4; I-7
7-8	Lago de Atitlán	Central America Volcanic Arc, Guatemala	300		0.084	Los Chocoyos eruption	This eruption gave way for the Lake Atitlan
6	Kuttara	Hokkaidō	16.8 DRE		0.084	Kt-6
6	Kussharo	Hokkaidō	25		0.085	Kp-2/3
6	Kuttara	Hokkaidō	10.8 DRE		0.084 - 0.087	Kt-7
7-8	Mount Aso	Kyūshū	930 - 1,860[10]		0.087	Aso-4 Ignimbrite
6	Kuttara	Hokkaidō	9.9 DRE		0.087 - 0.106	Kt-8
7	Kikai Caldera	Ryukyu Islands			0.095	Tozurahara eruption
6	Sierra la Primavera	Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt	90		0.0952	Tala Tuff
6	Skaros Caldera, Santorini	South Aegean Volcanic Arc	14		0.1	Middle Pumice
6	Ontake	Honshū	50		0.0957	Ontake-1 Pumice
6	Rabaul	Bismarck Volcanic Arc	10?		0.1	Boroi Ignimbrites
6	Rabaul	Bismarck Volcanic Arc	10?		0.1	Malaguna Pyroclastics
7	Ata Caldera	Kyūshū	350		0.1[9]	Ata pyroclastic deposits
6	Sanbe	Honshū	20		0.105	Sanbe-Kisuki pumice
6	Tangkuban Perahu	Sunda Arc, Java	≥ 10		0.105	Sunda Caldera
7	Lake Tōya	Hokkaidō	230 – 310[10]		0.106
6	Santo Antão	Cape Verde	10.33		0.106	Cão Grande I
6	Phlegraean Fields	Campanian volcanic arc	≥ 10		0.1062	X5
6	Phlegraean Fields	Campanian volcanic arc	≥ 10		0.1089	X6
7	Kussharo	Hokkaidō	175		0.1175	Kp-4, Kutcharo Haboro Ash
7	Emmons Lake caldera	SW Alaska, Aleutian Arc	220		0.124	Old Craw Tephra
7	Mount Aso	Kyūshū	> 150		0.13	Aso-3 Ignimbrite
6	Mount Aso	Kyūshū	50		0.141	Aso-2 Ignimbrite
6	Yellowstone Caldera	Yellowstone hotspot	23?		0.143	Cold Mountain Creek Tuff
7	Calabozos	Andes, Southern Volcanic Zone			0.15	Loma Seca Tuff-Unit S
5	Galeras	Andes, Northern Volcanic Zone			0.15
7	Kos-Nisyros Caldera	South Aegean Volcanic Arc	110		0.1613	Kos Plateau Tuff
7	Los Humeros	Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt	290 DRE[18]		0.164	Xáltipan Ignimbrite
7	Lake Akan	Hokkaidō	56.8 (DRE)		0.175	AK-2
6	Yellowstone Caldera	Yellowstone hotspot	50		0.176	Bluff Point Tuff
7	Southern Caldera, Santorini	South Aegean Volcanic Arc			0.18
7	Awasa Caldera	Main Ethiopian Rift	103.5		0.18229
7	Phlegraean Fields	Campanian volcanic arc			0.205
7	Rotorua Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone			0.23	Mamaku Ignimbrite
7	Maroa Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone			0.23	Ohakuri Ignimbrite
7	Reporoa Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone			0.23	Kaingaroa Ignimbrite
7	Ata Caldera	Kyūshū	> 150		0.24	Torihama eruption
7	Kapenga Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone			0.24	Ohakui Ignimbrite
7	O'a Caldera	Ethiopia	276		0.24	Qi3 Pumice
8	Maroa Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone			0.254	Whakamaru Ignimbrite
6	Mount Aso	Kyūshū			0.266	Aso-1 Ignimbrite
6	Uzon-Geyzernaya calderas	Kamchatka	46		0.278	Uzon ignimbrite - southern field
7	Haroharo Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone			0.28	Matahina Ignimbrite
7	Kapenga Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone			0.28	Pakai Ignimbrite
7	Lake Maninjau	Sunda Arc, Sumatra	175		0.28
7	Calabozos	Andes, Southern Volcanic Zone			0.3	Loma Seca Tuff-Unit V
7	Kapenga Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone			0.3	Chimpanzee Ignimbrite
7	Vulsini	Campanian volcanic arc	460		0.3	Bolsena Caldera
7	Phlegraean Fields	Campanian volcanic arc			0.315
7	Kakutō Caldera	Kyūshū			0.325	Kakuto Ignimbrite
7?	Suiendani	Honshū			0.37	Okuhida Pyroclastics
7	Lake Bracciano	Lazio, Italy	> 200		0.374	Mophi Tephra
6	Roccamonfina Caldera	Campanian volcanic arc			0.385
6-7	Medvezhia	Iturup, Kuril Islands	90		0.41	Medvezhia Ignimbrite
7	Toussidé	Tibesti Mountains	150		0.43	Yirrigué Ignimbrite
7	Pauzhetka Caldera	Kamchatka	375		0.443	Golygin Ignimbrite
7	Tumalo	Oregon			0.44	Tumalo tuff
7	Aira Caldera	Kyūshū			0.45	Oda Ignimbrite
7	Diamante Caldera	Andes, Southern Volcanic Zone			0.45
7	Aira Caldera	Kyūshū			0.5	Yoshino Ignimbrite
7	Toba Caldera	Sunda Arc, Sumatra	138		0.501	Middle Toba Tuff
7	Kobayashi Caldera	Kyūshū			0.52	Kobayashi Ignimbrite
6	Galeras	Andes, Northern Volcanic Zone			0.56
7	Mount Kirishima	Kyūshū			0.58	Hiwaki Ignimbrite
6?	Hōhi Volcanic Zone	Kyūshū			0.6	Yufugawa Ignimbrite
6	Mount Lassen	Cascade Volcanic Arc	> 75		0.609		Rockland Caldera formation
8	Yellowstone Plateau Volcanic Field	Yellowstone hotspot	⩾ 1,000		0.6313	Lava Creek Tuff
7	Acatlán Volcanic Field	Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt	150		0.65	Acatlán Ignimbrite
7	Hōhi Volcanic Zone	Kyūshū			0.65	Seiganji-Toga Tephra
7	Kamitakara	Honshū			0.65
7	Kapenga Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone			0.68	Matahana A
7	Kapenga Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone			0.71	Waiotapu Ignimbrite
7	Long Valley Caldera	eastern California	790		0.76	Bishop Tuff
7	Kapenga Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone			0.83	Matahana B
7	Calabozos	Andes, Southern Volcanic Zone			0.84	Loma Seca Tuff-Unit L
8	Lake Toba Caldera	Sunda Arc, Sumatra	5,290[16]		0.84	Oldest Toba Tuff
7	Shishimuta Caldera	Kyūshū			0.87	Imaichi Ignimbrite
7	Tondano Caldera	North Sulawesi, Sulawesi	600 - 950		0.871		A low-end supereruption
7	Mangakino Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone			0.95	Marshall Ignimbrite
7	Mangakino Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone			0.97	Unit E
7	North Vate	Vanuatu			1	Efaté Pumice Formation
7	Mangakino Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone			1	Rocky Hill Ignimbrite
7	Shishimuta Caldera	Kyūshū			1	Yabakei Ignimbrite
7	Tamagawa Caldera	Honshū			1
7	Tōnohetsuri Calderas	Honshū			1	Saigō Ignimbrite
7	Tokachi-Mitsumata Caldera	Hokkaidō	> 130		1
8	Mangakino Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone			1.01	Kidnappers Ignimbrite
8	Awasa Caldera	Main Ethiopian Rift	1,000		1.09
8	Gakkel Ridge Caldera	Gakkel Ridge, Arctic Ocean	3000		1.1
7	Akademia Nauk	Kamchatka	100		1.13	Stena-Soboliny Ignimbrite
7	Kulshan Caldera	Cascade Volcanic Arc	> 117.5		1.149	Lake Tapps Tephra, Swift Creek Ignimbrite	Kulshan caldera formation
7	Mangakino Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone			1.18	Ahuroa Ignimbrite
7	Mangakino Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone			1.2	Unit D
7	Hōhi Volcanic Zone	Kyūshū			1.2	Shikido Ignimbrite
6	Toba Caldera	Sunda Arc, Sumatra			1.2	Haranggoal Dacite Tuff
7	Tōnohetsuri Calderas	Honshū			1.2	Ashino Ignimbrite
8	Mangakino Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone			1.21	Ongatiti Ignimbrite
7	Valles Caldera	New Mexico, USA (Raton hotspot)	690		1.223	Upper Bandelier Tuff
7	Yellowstone Plateau Volcanic Field	Yellowstone hotspot	> 280 (DRE)		1.27	Mesa Falls Tuff
7	Puricó Complex	Andes, Central Volcanic Zone			1.3	Puricó Ignimbrite
7	Mangakino Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone			1.4	Unit C
7	Tōnohetsuri Calderas	Honshū			1.4	Kumado Ignimbrite
7	Mount Tokachi	Hokkaidō			1.4	Tokachi Ignimbrite
7	Mangakino Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone			1.53	Unit B
7	Mangakino Caldera	Taupō Volcanic Zone			1.55	Unit A
7	Mount Jiigatake[19]	Honshū			1.6	Ōmine Ignimbrite
7	Valles Caldera	New Mexico, USA	690		1.61	Lower Bandelier Tuff
7	Mount Jiigatake	Honshū			1.65
6	Cerro Guacha	Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex			1.7	Puripica Ch0ico ignimbrite
7	Young Island	Valleny Islands	100		1.7	Eltanin
7	Bolshe-Bannaya	Kamchatka	800		1.705
7	Mount Hotakadake[19]	Honshū			1.75	Ebisutōge-Fukuda tephras
7	Mount Hotakadake	Honshū			1.76	Nyūkawa Ignimbrite
7	Karymshina	Kamchatka			1.78
7	Valles Caldera	New Mexico, USA	⩾ 100		1.78	San Diego Canyon Ignimbrite
7	Lago de Atitlán	Central America Volcanic Arc, Guatemala			1.8
7	Mount Jiigatake	Honshū			1.88	Kitazawa Ignimbrite
7	Mount Tokachi	Hokkaidō			1.9	Biei Ignimbrite
7	Tamagawa Caldera	Honshū			2
7	Mount Hotakadake	Honshū			2	Sonehara Ignimbrite
7	Mount Jiigatake	Honshū			2	Nyūnomi Ignimbrite
7	Mount Jiigatake	Honshū			2	Ichiuda Ignimbrite
7	Mount Jiigatake	Honshū			2	Reishōji Ignimbrite
7	Mount Jiigatake	Honshū			2	Ht-3 Ignimbrite
8	Yellowstone Plateau Volcanic Field	Yellowstone hotspot	2,160		2.0794	Huckleberry Ridge Tuff A & B
7	Yellowstone Plateau Volcanic Field	Yellowstone hotspot	290		2.113	Huckleberry Ridge Tuff C
7	Mount Jiigatake[19]	Honshū			2.18	Taniguchi Ignimbrite
8	Cerro Galán	Andes, Central Volcanic Zone	1030		2.2	Cerro Galán Ignimbrite
7?	Mount Erciyes	Turkey			2.52	Valibabatepe Ignimbrite
7	Hiwada Caldera	Honshū			2.8	Hotokezawa Ignimbrite
8	Pastos Grandes Caldera	Andes, Central Volcanic Zone	1500		2.9	Pastos Grandes Ignimbrite
7	Cerro Guacha	Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex			3.5	Tara Ignimbrite
7	Yunosawa Caldera	Honshū			3.5	Obirakiyama Tuff
8	Pacana Caldera	Andes, Central Volcanic Zone	2800		4	Atana Ignimbrite
8	Heise volcanic field	Yellowstone hotspot			4.45	Kilgore Tuff
?	Heise volcanic field	Yellowstone hotspot			5.51	Conant Creek Tuff
8	Cerro Guacha	Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex	1300		5.7	Guacha ignimbrite
7	Cerro Panizos	Andes, Central Volcanic Zone			6.1	Panizos Ignimbrite
?	Heise volcanic field	Yellowstone hotspot			6.27	Walcott Tuff
8	Heise volcanic field	Yellowstone hotspot			6.62	Blacktail Tuff
7	Black Mountain Caldera	Southwest Nevada volcanic field			7	Thirsty Canyon Tuff
7	Pastos Grandes Caldera or Vilama Caldera	Andes, Central Volcanic Zone			8.3	Sifon Ignimbrite
?	Twin Falls volcanic field	Yellowstone hotspot			10-8.6
8	Grey's Landing Supereruption	Yellowstone hotspot	>2,800[20]		8.72	Grey's Landing Ignimbrite
8	McMullen Supereruption	Yellowstone hotspot	>1,700[20]	McMullen Ignimbrite	8.99
?	Picabo volcanic field	Yellowstone hotspot			10.09 & 10.21	Arbon Valley Tuffs
7-8	Bruneau-Jarbidge caldera	Yellowstone hotspot	950		10.0 to 12.5	Ashfall Fossil Beds eruption
7	Timber Mountain caldera complex	Southwest Nevada volcanic field			11.45	Timber Mountain Tuff - Ammonia Tanks member
8	Timber Mountain caldera complex	Southwest Nevada volcanic field			11.6	Timber Mountain Tuff - Rainer Mesa member
8	Paintbrush Caldera	Southwest Nevada volcanic field			12.7	Paintbrush Tuff - Topopah Spring member
8	Paintbrush Caldera	Southwest Nevada volcanic field			12.8	Paintbrush Tuff - Tiva Canyon member
7	Mount Sobo	Kyūshū			12.8
7	Mount Katamuki	Kyūshū			13
7	Silent Canyon caldera complex	Southwest Nevada volcanic field			13	Belted Range Tuff
7	Crater Flat Group	Southwest Nevada volcanic field			13.25	Crater Flat Tuff, Bullfrog member
?	Owyhee-Humboldt volcanic field	Yellowstone hotspot			13.9-12.8
8	Ōdai Caldera	Honshū			13.7	Murō Ignimbrite
8	Mount Ōkue	Kyūshū			13.7	Okueyama volcano-plutonic complex
7	Mount Ishizuchi	Shikoku			14
7	Shitara Caldera	Honshū			15.1-13.1
8	Kumano Caldera	Honshū			14.4	Kumano Acidic rocks
8	Source unknown	Andes, Central Volcanic Zone	1100		15	Huaylillas Ignimbrite
7	McDermitt volcanic field, North	Yellowstone hotspot			15	Whitehorse Creek Tuff
8	Mount Osuzu	Kyūshū			15.1	Osuzuyama volcano-plutonic complex
?	Lake Owyhee volcanic field	Yellowstone hotspot?			15.5-15
7	McDermitt volcanic field, South	Yellowstone hotspot			15.6	Longridge Tuff member 2-3
7	McDermitt volcanic field, South	Yellowstone hotspot			15.6	Longridge Tuff member 5
7	McDermitt volcanic field, South	Yellowstone hotspot			15.7	Double H Tuff
7	McDermitt volcanic field, North	Yellowstone hotspot			15.8	Trout Creek Mountains Tuff
?	McDermitt volcanic field, South	Yellowstone hotspot			16	Hoppin Peaks Tuff
7	McDermitt volcanic field, South	Yellowstone hotspot			16.548	Oregon Canyon Tuff
?	Northwest Nevada volcanic field	Yellowstone hotspot?			16.5-15.5
8	Oxaya Formation	Andes, Central Volcanic Zone	3000		19	Oxaya Ignimbrites
7	Mount Belknap Caldera	Marysvale volcanic field			19	Joe Lott member
7	Monroe Peak Caldera	Marysvale volcanic field			23	Osiris Tuff
8	La Garita Caldera	San Juan volcanic field	5000		27.8	Fish Canyon Tuff	Second biggest explosive eruption in the last 100 million years
8?	Bachelor	San Juan volcanic field	1000		28	Carpenter Ridge Tuff
8	San Juan	San Juan volcanic field			28	Sapinero Mesa Tuff
8?	Uncompahgre	San Juan volcanic field	1000		28.1	Dillon & Sapinero Mesa Tuffs
8?	Platoro	San Juan volcanic field	1000		28.2	Chiquito Peak Tuff
8	Bursum	Southern New Mexico			28.5	Apache Springs Tuff
8	White Rock Caldera	Indian Peak-Caliente Caldera Complex			29.2	Lund Tuff
8	Sana'a Ignimbrite	Afro-Arabian			29.5	Tephra 2W63
8	Iftar Alkalb	Afro-Arabian			29.5	Tephra 4 W
8	Sam Ignimbrite	Yemen			29.5	Green Tuff
8	Jabal Kura'a Ignimbrite	Yemen			29.6
8	Wah Wah Springs Caldera	Indian Peak-Caliente Caldera Complex	5900		30.06	Wah Wah Springs Tuff	The biggest explosive eruption in the last 100 million years
8	Windows Butte Tuff	Central Nevada			33	Windows Butte Tuff
8	Emory Caldera	Southwestern New Mexico			34.9	Kneeling Nun Tuff	City of Rocks State Park
8	Mount Princeton	Thirtynine Mile volcanic area, Colorado			35.3	Wall Mountain Tuff
7	Bennett Lake Volcanic Complex	Skukum Group			50
8	Deccan Traps	West-central India			65		This volcanic episode occurred about 300,000 years after the Chicxulub meteor impact, and may have been another contributing factor towards the extinction of the dinosaurs
8	Source unknown	Honshū			70	Noi Rhyolite
8	Guarapuava-Tamarana-Sarusas	Paraná and Etendeka traps			132		Existence as a single volcano is controversial. Possibly a volcanic chain.
8	Santa Maria Fria	Paraná and Etendeka traps			132		Existence as a single volcano is controversial. Possibly a volcanic chain.
8	Guarapuava-Ventura	Paraná and Etendeka traps			132		Existence as a single volcano is controversial. Possibly a volcanic chain.
8	High Island Caldera	Hong Kong			140
8	Ora Caldera	Southern Alps, Italy			277–274	Ora Formation
7	Altenberg–Teplice Caldera[21]	The Altenberg-Teplice Volcanic Complex			325-317	Teplice Rhyolite intra-caldera deposits
8	Cerberean Caldera	Rubicon Valley			365
8	Glen Coe	Scotland			420
8	Scafells	Lake District			488-443

References

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Oppenheimer, Clive (2003). "Climatic, environmental and human consequences of the largest known historic eruption: Tambora volcano (Indonesia) 1815". Progress in Physical Geography. 27 (2): 230–259. doi:10.1191/0309133303pp379ra. S2CID 131663534.
South Dakota State University (December 7, 2009). "Undocumented volcano contributed to extremely cold decade from 1810-1819". ScienceDaily.
Klemetti, Erik (September 30, 2013). "Samalas in Indonesia Identified as Source of the 1257 A.D. 'Missing' Eruption". WIRED. Archived from the original on March 30, 2014.
Wohletz, K. H. (2000). "Were the dark ages triggered by volcano-related climate changes in the 6th century". Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union. 48 (81): F1305. Retrieved 21 June 2018.
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Bo Pan; Shanaka L. de Silva; Jiandong Xu; Songjun Liu; Dan Xu (2020). "Late Pleistocene to present day eruptive history of the Changbaishan-Tianchi Volcano, China/DPRK: New field, geochronological and chemical constraints". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 399: 106870. Bibcode:2020JVGR..39906870P. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2020.106870. S2CID 218936429.
Victoria C. Smith; et al. (2013-05-01). "Identification and correlation of visible tephras in the Lake Suigetsu SG06 sedimentary archive, Japan: chronostratigraphic markers for synchronising of east Asian/west Pacific palaeoclimatic records across the last 150 ka". Quaternary Science Reviews. 67: 121–137. Bibcode:2013QSRv...67..121S. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.01.026.
Shinji Takarada; Hideo Hoshizumi (2020). "Distribution and Eruptive Volume of Aso-4 Pyroclastic Density Current and Tephra Fall Deposits, Japan: A M8 Super-Eruption". Frontiers in Earth Science. 8: 170. Bibcode:2020FrEaS...8..170T. doi:10.3389/feart.2020.00170.
Yamamoto, Takahiro (2014). "Cumulative volume step-diagrams for eruptive magmas from major Quaternary volcanoes in Japan". gsj.jp (in Japanese). National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology. Retrieved 2021-01-04.
"Volcanic activities and eruption sequence of the large-scale eruption at Shikotsu, Toya, Nigorikawa and Daisen Volcanoes" (PDF) (in Japanese). Geological Survey of Japan, AIST. 2020. Retrieved 2021-01-03.
Mitsuhiro Nakagawa; Mizuho Amma-Miyasaka; Daisuke Miura; Shimpei Uesawa (2018). "Tephrostratigraphy in Ishikari Lowland, Southwestern Hokkaido". The Journal of the Geological Society of Japan (in Japanese). 124 (7): 473–489. doi:10.5575/geosoc.2018.0038.
The up is covered with Shikotsu caldera formation deposits.[13]
Yoshihisa Kawanabe; Hideo Hoshizumi; Jun'ichi Itoh; Seiko Yamasaki (2015). "Kuju : Geological Maps of Japan". Geological Survey of Japan, AIST.
Antonio Costa; Victoria C. Smith; Giovanni Macedonio; Naomi E. Matthews (2014). "The magnitude and impact of the Youngest Toba Tuff super-eruption". Frontiers in Earth Science. 2: 16. Bibcode:2014FrEaS...2...16C. doi:10.3389/feart.2014.00016.
Chad L.Yost; Lily J.Jackson; Jeffery R.Stone; Andrew S.Cohen (2018). "Subdecadal phytolith and charcoal records from Lake Malawi, East Africa imply minimal effects on human evolution from the ∼74 ka Toba supereruption". Journal of Human Evolution. 116: 75–94. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.11.005. PMID 29477183.
Jaime Alberto Cavazos-Álvarez; Gerardo Carrasco-Núñez (2020). "Anatomy of the Xáltipan ignimbrite at Los Humeros Volcanic Complex; the largest eruption of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 392: 106755. Bibcode:2020JVGR..39206755C. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2019.106755. S2CID 213394831.
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Bibliography

Ward, Peter L. (2 April 2009). "Sulfur Dioxide Initiates Global Climate Change in Four Ways" (PDF). Thin Solid Films. 517 (11): 3188–3203. Bibcode:2009TSF...517.3188W. doi:10.1016/j.tsf.2009.01.005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 January 2010. Retrieved 2010-03-19.
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"Large Holocene Eruptions". Global Volcanism Program, Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2010-04-17.

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