IEEE 802.11be

IEEE 802.11be is the next amendment of the IEEE 802.11 standard,[8] which will be designated Wi-Fi 7.[9][10][11] It will build upon 802.11ax, focusing on WLAN indoor and outdoor operation with stationary and pedestrian speeds in the 2.4, 5, and 6 GHz frequency bands.[12] Speeds are expected to reach a theoretical maximum of 30 Gbit/s.[13]

Not to be confused with IEEE 802.11b.
Wi-Fi generations
Generation IEEE
standard		 Adopted Maximum
link rate
(Mbit/s)		 Radio
frequency
(GHz)
Wi-Fi 7 802.11be (2024) 1376 to 46120 2.4/5/6
Wi-Fi 6E 802.11ax 2020 574 to 9608[1] 6[2]
Wi-Fi 6 2019 2.4/5
Wi-Fi 5 802.11ac 2014 433 to 6933 5[3]
Wi-Fi 4 802.11n 2008 72 to 600 2.4/5
(Wi-Fi 3)* 802.11g 2003 6 to 54 2.4
(Wi-Fi 2)* 802.11a 1999 6 to 54 5
(Wi-Fi 1)* 802.11b 1999 1 to 11 2.4
(Wi-Fi 0)* 802.11 1997 1 to 2 2.4
*(Wi-Fi 0, 1, 2, 3, are unbranded common usage)[4][5][6][7]

Development of the 802.11be amendment is ongoing, with a goal of an initial draft by March 2021, and a final version expected by early 2024.[10]

Candidate features

The main candidate features mentioned in the 802.11be Project Authorization Request (PAR) are:[14]

  • 320 MHz bandwidth and more efficient utilization of non-contiguous spectrum,
  • Multi-band/multi-channel aggregation and operation,
  • 16 spatial streams and Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) protocols enhancements,
  • Multi-Access Point (AP) Coordination (e.g. coordinated and joint transmission),
  • Enhanced link adaptation and retransmission protocol (e.g. Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ)),
  • If needed, adaptation to regulatory rules specific to 6 GHz spectrum,
  • Integrating Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) IEEE 802.1Q extensions for low-latency real-time traffic:[15][16][17][18]
    • IEEE 802.1AS timing and synchronisation
    • IEEE 802.11aa MAC Enhancements for Robust Audio Video Streaming (Stream Reservation Protocol over IEEE 802.11)
    • IEEE 802.11ak Enhancements for Transit Links Within Bridged Networks (802.11 links in 802.1Q networks)
    • Bounded latency: credit-based (IEEE 802.1Qav) and cyclic/time-aware traffic shaping (IEEE 802.1Qch/Qbv), asynchronous traffic scheduling (IEEE 802.1Qcr-2020)
    • IEEE 802.11ax Scheduled Operation extensions for reduced jitter/latency


Additional features

Apart from the features mentioned in the PAR, there are newly introduced features:[19]

  • Newly introduced 4096-QAM (4K-QAM),
  • Contiguous and non-contiguous 320/160+160 MHz and 240/160+80 MHz bandwidth,
  • Frame formats with improved forward-compatibility,
  • Enhanced resource allocation in OFDMA,
  • Optimized channel sounding that requires less airtime,
  • Implicit channel sounding,
  • More flexible preamble puncturing scheme,
  • Support of direct links, managed by an access point.


Rate Set
Modulation and coding schemes
MCS

index[lower-roman 1]

 Modulation

type

 Coding

rate

 Data rate (Mbit/s)[lower-roman 2]
20 MHz channels 40 MHz channels 80 MHz channels 160 MHz channels 320 MHz channels
3200 ns GI[lower-roman 3] 1600 ns GI 800 ns GI 3200 ns GI 1600 ns GI 800 ns GI 3200 ns GI 1600 ns GI 800 ns GI 3200 ns GI 1600 ns GI 800 ns GI 3200 ns GI 1600 ns GI 800 ns GI
0 BPSK 1/2 7 8 9 15 16 17 31 34 36 61 68 72 123 136 144
1 QPSK 1/2 15 16 17 29 33 34 61 68 72 122 136 144 245 272 288
2 QPSK 3/4 22 24 26 44 49 52 92 102 108 184 204 216 368 408 432
3 16-QAM 1/2 29 33 34 59 65 69 123 136 144 245 272 282 490 544 577
4 16-QAM 3/4 44 49 52 88 98 103 184 204 216 368 408 432 735 817 865
5 64-QAM 2/3 59 65 69 117 130 138 245 272 288 490 544 576 980 1089 1153
6 64-QAM 3/4 66 73 77 132 146 155 276 306 324 551 613 649 1103 1225 1297
7 64-QAM 5/6 73 81 86 146 163 172 306 340 360 613 681 721 1225 1361 1441
8 256-QAM 3/4 88 98 103 176 195 207 368 408 432 735 817 865 1470 1633 1729
9 256-QAM 5/6 98 108 115 195 217 229 408 453 480 817 907 961 1633 1815 1922
10 1024-QAM 3/4 110 122 129 219 244 258 459 510 540 919 1021 1081 1838 2042 2162
11 1024-QAM 5/6 122 135 143 244 271 287 510 567 600 1021 1134 1201 2042 2269 2402
12 4096-QAM 3/4 131 146 155 263 293 310 551 613 649 1103 1225 1297 2205 2450 2594
13 4096-QAM 5/6 146 163 172 293 325 344 613 681 721 1225 1361 1441 2450 2722 2882
14 BPSK-DCM-DUP 1/2 7 8 9 15 17 18 31 34 36
15 BPSK-DCM 1/2 4 4 4 7 8 9 15 17 18 31 34 36 61 68 72

Comparison
802.11 network standards
Frequency
range,
or type		 PHY Protocol Release
date[20]		 Frequency Bandwidth Stream
data rate[21]		 Allowable
MIMO streams		 Modulation Approximate
range
Indoor Outdoor
(GHz) (MHz) (Mbit/s)
1–6 GHz DSSS/FHSS[22] 802.11-1997 June 1997 2.4 22 1, 2 — DSSS, FHSS 20 m (66 ft) 100 m (330 ft)
HR-DSSS[22] 802.11b September 1999 2.4 22 1, 2, 5.5, 11 — DSSS 35 m (115 ft) 140 m (460 ft)
OFDM 802.11a September 1999 5 5/10/20 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 54
(for 20 MHz bandwidth,
divide by 2 and 4 for 10 and 5 MHz)		 — OFDM 35 m (115 ft) 120 m (390 ft)
802.11j November 2004 4.9/5.0
[D][23]		 ? ?
802.11y November 2008 3.7[A] ? 5,000 m (16,000 ft)[A]
802.11p July 2010 5.9 250 m 1,000 m (3,300 ft)[24]
802.11bd December 2022
(est.)		 5.9/60 500 m 1,000 m (3,300 ft)
ERP-OFDM 802.11g June 2003 2.4 38 m (125 ft) 140 m (460 ft)
HT-OFDM[25] 802.11n
(Wi-Fi 4)		 October 2009 2.4/5 20 Up to 288.8[B] 4 MIMO-OFDM
(64-QAM)		 70 m (230 ft) 250 m (820 ft)[26]
40 Up to 600[B]
VHT-OFDM[25] 802.11ac
(Wi-Fi 5)		 December 2013 5 20 Up to 346.8[B] 8 DL
MU-MIMO OFDM
(256-QAM)		 35 m (115 ft)[27] ?
40 Up to 800[B]
80 Up to 1733.2[B]
160 Up to 3466.8[B]
HE-OFDMA 802.11ax
(Wi-Fi 6,
Wi-Fi 6E)		 May 2021 2.4/5/6 20 Up to 1147[F] 8 UL/DL
MU-MIMO OFDMA
(1024-QAM)		 30 m (98 ft) 120 m (390 ft) [G]
40 Up to 2294[F]
80 Up to 4804[F]
80+80 Up to 9608[F]
EHT-OFDMA 802.11be
(Wi-Fi 7)		 May 2024
(est.)		 2.4/5/6 80 Up to 11.5 Gbit/s[F] 16 UL/DL
MU-MIMO OFDMA
(4096-QAM)		 30 m (98 ft) 120 m (390 ft) [G]
160
(80+80)		 Up to 23 Gbit/s[F]
240
(160+80)		 Up to 35 Gbit/s[F]
320
(160+160)		 Up to 46.1 Gbit/s[F]
WUR[E] 802.11ba October 2021 2.4/5 4/20 0.0625, 0.25
(62.5 kbit/s, 250 kbit/s)		 — OOK (Multi-carrier OOK) ? ?
mmWave DMG[28] 802.11ad December 2012 60 2160
(2.16 GHz)		 Up to 6757[29]
(6.7 Gbit/s)		 — OFDM, single carrier, low-power single carrier 3.3 m (11 ft)[30] ?
802.11aj April 2018 45/60[C] 540/
1080[31]		 Up to 15000[32]
(15 Gbit/s)		 4[33] OFDM, single carrier[33] ? ?
EDMG[34] 802.11ay July 2021 60 8000
(8.0 GHz)		 Up to 20000[35]
(20 Gbit/s)		 4 OFDM, single carrier 10 m (33 ft) 100 m (328 ft)
Sub-gigaherz IoT TVHT[36] 802.11af February 2014 0.054
-0.79		 6–8 Up to 568.9[37] 4 MIMO-OFDM ? ?
S1G[36] 802.11ah May 2017 0.7/0.8
/0.9		 1–16 Up to 8.67[38]
(@2 MHz)		 4 ? ?
Light (Li-Fi) LC
(VLC/OWC)		 802.11bb December 2023
(est.)		 800–1000 nm 20 Up to 9.6 Gbit/s — O-OFDM ? ?
IR
(IrDA)		 802.11-1997 June 1997 850–900 nm ? 1, 2 — PPM ? ?
802.11 Standard rollups
  802.11-2007 March 2007 2.4, 5 Up to 54 DSSS, OFDM
802.11-2012 March 2012 2.4, 5 Up to 150[B] DSSS, OFDM
802.11-2016 December 2016 2.4, 5, 60 Up to 866.7 or 6757[B] DSSS, OFDM
802.11-2020 December 2020 2.4, 5, 60 Up to 866.7 or 6757[B] DSSS, OFDM
  • A1 A2 IEEE 802.11y-2008 extended operation of 802.11a to the licensed 3.7 GHz band. Increased power limits allow a range up to 5,000 m. As of 2009, it is only being licensed in the United States by the FCC.
  • B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 Based on short guard interval; standard guard interval is ~10% slower. Rates vary widely based on distance, obstructions, and interference.
  • C1 For Chinese regulation.
  • D1 For Japanese regulation.
  • E1 Wake-up Radio (WUR) Operation.
  • F1 F2 F3 F4 For single-user cases only, based on default guard interval which is 0.8 micro seconds. Since multi-user via OFDMA has become available for 802.11ax, these may decrease. Also, these theoretical values depend on the link distance, whether the link is line-of-sight or not, interferences and the multi-path components in the environment.
  • G1 The default guard interval is 0.8 micro seconds. However, 802.11ax extended the maximum available guard interval to 3.2 micro seconds, in order to support Outdoor communications, where the maximum possible propagation delay is larger compared to Indoor environments.

Notes
  1. MCS 9 is not applicable to all combinations of channel width and spatial stream count.
  2. Per spatial stream.
  3. GI stands for guard interval.

References
  1. "MCS table (updated with 80211ax data rates)". semfionetworks.com.
  2. Wi-Fi 6E only specifies operation in the 6 GHz band. Operation in the 5 and 2.4 GHz bands is specified by Wi-Fi 6.
  3. 802.11ac only specifies operation in the 5 GHz band. Operation in the 2.4 GHz band is specified by 802.11n.
  4. Kastrenakes, Jacob (2018-10-03). "Wi-Fi Now Has Version Numbers, and Wi-Fi 6 Comes Out Next Year". The Verge. Retrieved 2019-05-02.
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  8. "Wi-Fi 7". Wi-Fi Alliance. Retrieved 16 January 2023.
  9. Shankland, Stephen (2019-09-03). "Wi-Fi 6 is barely here, but Wi-Fi 7 is already on the way – With improvements to Wi-Fi 6 and its successor, Qualcomm is working to boost speeds and overcome congestion on wireless networks". CNET. Retrieved 2020-08-20.
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