Galashians

Galashians[lower-alpha 1][1] (Ingush: Галашкархой), were a historical Ingush ethnoterritorial society,[lower-alpha 2] which formed in the middle of 18th century. The name comes from the village of Galashki, which is geographically located in the very center of the society. Galashians were located in the middle and lower reaches of the river Assa and the basin of the river Fortanga.

Galashians
Галашкархой
Galashian Ingush (Галашевцскiе Ингуши) on Captain Blum's map in 1830
Total population
2000 (1850)
Regions with significant populations
Ingushetia
Languages
Ingush
Religion
Sunni Islam

History
Galashevtsui (Galashians) on a map in 1855.

Formation of the Society

The Galashian society formed when mountain Ingush settled in the lowlands between Assa and Fortanga rivers.[20] Orstkhoy, Tsorin, and Khamkhin (Ghalghaï) shahars played the greatest role in the formation of the Galashian society.[21] The settlements of the Galashians are first recorded on the map of 1768, where they are marked as "Galachi" at the confluence of the Assa river into the Sunzha river.[22]

Caucasian War

During the Caucasian War, the Galashians actively participated on the side of Imamate[17] and were commonly referred as un-ruly[23] or half-conquered by the Russian Empire, as they never really did bow under the Russian rule and continued on making raids on Russian royal fortifications and settlements.[24] Vilayet Kalay which was known in the Russian Empire as Galashkinskoe Naibstvo was established in March 1840 on the territory of Galashian society with the center of it being the village of Galashki, when the Galashian and Karabulak (Orstkhoy) societies joined the uprising of Chechnya and with their deputies together with Chechens solemnly swore allegiance to Imam Shamil in the large center village of Lesser Chechnya, Urus-Martan.[8] The Galashians were conquered in the end of Caucasian War after numerous punitive expeditions.[25]

Chronology of major events:

  • 1830 — Punitive expediton of Abkhazov to mountainous Ingushetia,[26] during which the Galashian society was also affected.[25]
  • 1832 — Due to the collaboration of Ingush with Ghazi Muhammad and the murder of a bailiff, Rozen led a punitive expedition on Ingush and went through Dzheyrakh and Metskhal around Khamkhi and Tsori,[27] during which the Galashian society was also affected.[25]
  • 1840 — the Karabulak (Orstkhoy) and Galashian societies joined the uprising of Chechnya and with their deputies together with Chechens solemnly swore allegiance to Imam Shamil in the large center village of Lesser Chechnya, Urus-Martan.[8] Thus Galashkinskoe Naibstvo was established.
  • January of 1847 — Russian troops under the command of General Nesterov made a punitive expediton to Galashian Gorge.[28]
  • 1858 — The Galashians together with the Nazranians took part in one of the episodes of the Great Caucasian War — the Nazran uprising, which ended unsuccessfully and the leaders of the uprising were either executed or exiled.[29][30][25]
  • After the end of the war — Galashians, alongside Akkins, Tsorins and Ghalghaï were forcibly evicted/resettled to lowlands and their lands were given to Cossacks.[25]

Modern History

After the Russian Revolution of 1917, when the Cossack stripes that divided the Ingush societies were mostly eliminated, the official significance of territorial societies weakened, and soon after the formation of the Ingush Autonomous Oblast, it completely disappeared. Nevertheless, for some time the Ingush who inhabited the foothill lands and especially the Galashkinsky District, continued to be called Galashians.[21]

See also

Notes
  1. Also known as Galash (Галашъ) and Galashi (Галаши).
  2. Galashians as Ingush society is indicated by Güldenstädt,[2] Blaramberg,[3] "Overview of the political state of the Caucasus in 1840",[4] "Caucasian Territory // Military Statistical Review of the Russian Empire, 1851",[5] Ivanov,[6] Volkonsky,[7] Rzhevuskiy,[8] Maksimov and Vertepov,[9] Pantyukhov,[10] Kovalevsky,[11] Milyutin,[12] Martirosian,[13] Soviet Ethnography,[14] Krupnov,[15] Volkova,[16] Materials of the conference "People's liberation movement of the highlanders of Dagestan and Chechnya in the 20-50s of the XIX century",[17] G. Anchabadze,[1] Berzhnoy, Dobaev and Kraynyuchenko[18] and V. A. Kuznetsov.[19]

    References
    1. Anchabadze 2001, p. 48.
    2. Гюльденштедт 2002, p. 242.
    3. Бларамберг 2010.
    4. Обзор политического состояния Кавказа 1840 года // ЦГВИА Ф. ВУА, Д.6164, Ч.93, лл. 1-23.
      "V. Племя ингуш: 1) Назрановцы, 2) Галаши, 3) Карабулаки, 4) Галгаи, 5) Кистины или Кисты Ближние, 6) Джерахи, 7) Цори, 8) Дальние Кисты"
    5. Кавказский край // Военно-статистическое обозрение Российской империи 1851, p. 137:
      "Къ племени Ингушей, занимающих плоскость и котловины Кавказских горъ съ правой стороны Терека до верхних частей Аргуна и до теченія Фартанги, принадлежатъ: 1) Назрановцы с Комбулейскимъ обществомъ, 2) Джераховцы, 3) Карабулаки, 4) Цоринцы, 5) Ближніе Кистинцы с небольшимъ обществомъ Малхинцевъ вновь покорившимся, 6) Галгай, 7) Галашевцы, 8) Дальніе Кисты…"
    6. Иванов, И. (1851). "Чечня" [Chechnya]. Москвитянин (in Russian). No. 19–20. Ставрополь: Михаил Погодин.
      "...Ингушских племен Цори, Галгай, Галаш и Карабулак..."
    7. Волконский 1886, p. 54:
      "Ингушевское племя состояло из следующих обществ: кистинского, джераховского, назрановского, карабулакского (впоследствии назвавшегося галашевским), галгаевского, цоринского, акинского и мереджинского; все эти общества вместе имели свыше тридцати тысяч душ."
    8. Ржевуский 1888, p. 72.
    9. Максимов & Вертепов 1892, p. 75.
    10. Пантюхов 1901, p. 2.
    11. Ковалевский 1914, p. 150.
    12. Милютин 1919, p. 277.
    13. Мартиросиан 1928, p. 11.
    14. Академия Наук СССР (1936). "Советская Этнография" [Soviet Ethnography] (in Russian). No. 3. Ленинград: Издательство Академии Наук СССР. p. 8. {{cite magazine}}: Cite magazine requires |magazine= (help)
    15. Крупнов 1971, p. 36.
    16. Волкова 1973, p. 151.
    17. Дагестанский филиал АН СССР (1989). Народно-освободительное движение горцев Дагестана и Чечни в 20-50-х годах XIX в: Всесоюзная научная конференция, 20-22 июня 1989 г.: тезисы докладов и сообщений [The people's liberation movement of the highlanders of Dagestan and Chechnya in the 20-50s of the XIX century: All-Union Scientific Conference, June 20-22, 1989: abstracts of reports and messages]. Махачкала: Дагестанский филиал АН СССР. p. 106.
    18. Бережной, Сергей Евгеньевич; Добаев, И. П; Крайнюченко, Павел Владимирович (2003). Ислам и исламизм на юге России [Islam and Islamism in the South of Russia] (in Russian). Северо-Кавказский научный центр высшей школы. p. 131. ISBN 9785878721448.
    19. Кузнецов 2004, p. 41.
    20. Максимов & Вертепов 1892, p. 81.
    21. Танкиев, А. Х. (1998). Ингуши. Саратов.
    22. Волкова 1974, p. 157.
    23. Гаджиев, В. Г.; Рамазанов, Х. Х. (1959). Движение горцев Северо-Восточного Кавказа в 20-50 гг. XIX века. Сборник документов (in Russian). Дагестанское книжное изд-во. p. 125.
    24. Русский архив, Москва, 1889. p. 154
    25. Жданов 2005, p. 77.
    26. Иоганн Бларамберг. Топографическое, статистическое, этнографическое и военное описание Кавказа. (1830)
    27. Генко 1930, pp. 689–690.
    28. Половцов, А. А. (1905). Русский биографический словарь. Дабеловъ—Дчдьковскiй (in Russian). Санкт-Петербургъ: Типографiя Товарищства «Общественная Польза», Б. Подъяческая, 39. p. 197. ISBN 9785998959042.
    29. "Акты, собранные Кавказской Археографической комиссии. Т. XII". 1904.
    30. Кодзоев 2002.

    Bibliography
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