Foreign relations of Kiribati

Kiribati is a full member of the Commonwealth, the IMF and the World Bank, and became a full member of the United Nations in 1999. Kiribati hosted the Thirty-First Pacific Islands Forum in October 2000. Kiribati has Least Developed Country Status and its interests rarely extend beyond the region. Through accession to the Lomé Convention, then Cotonou Agreement, Kiribati is also a member of the African Caribbean and Pacific Group. Kiribati maintains good relations with most countries and has particularly close ties to Pacific neighbours Japan, Australia, and New Zealand. Kiribati briefly suspended its relations with France in 1995 over that country's decision to renew nuclear testing in the South Pacific.

Politics of Kiribati
Constitution
Executive
Legislative
Judiciary
Elections
Subdivisions
Foreign relations

Kiribati established diplomatic relations with Taiwan in November 2003, but cut off all relations in September 2019 when Kiribati switched diplomatic recognition to Beijing. Taiwan's foreign minister stated that Kiribati had "unrealistic" expectations from China and ordered the embassy to evacuate.[1]

Regional Relations

Kiribati maintains strong regional ties in the Pacific. Until recently it was a full member of the Pacific Islands Forum, the South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission, the South Pacific Tourism Organisation, the Pacific Regional Environment Programme and the Secretariat of the Pacific Community. Kiribati is one of the eight signatories of the Nauru Agreement Concerning Cooperation in the Management of Fisheries of Common Interest which collectively controls 25–30% of the world's tuna supply and approximately 60% of the western and central Pacific tuna supply . In 1985, Kiribati was one of the nine initial endorsers of the Treaty of Rarotonga creating the South Pacific Nuclear Free Zone Treaty.

Extra-regional relations

Kiribati was admitted to the Commonwealth of Nations in 1979 upon its independence, and to the United Nations in 1999.

Additionally outside the region, Kiribati is a member or participant of the ACP (Lomé Convention), the Asian Development Bank, the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP), the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the International Civil Aviation Organization, the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, the International Development Association, the International Finance Corporation, the IMF, International Maritime Organization, International Olympic Committee, International Telecommunication Union (ITU), Universal Postal Union and the World Meteorological Organization. Finally, while Kiribati is not a member of the World Trade Organization, it does retain observer status.

Diplomatic missions

Kiribati has only two permanent missions abroad, the High Commission in Suva, Fiji, and a permanent mission to the United Nations in New York that serves also as Embassy in the US. It has honorary consulates in New Delhi, Abergavenny, Auckland, Sydney, Honolulu, Tokyo, and Hamburg. Formerly, there was an embassy in Taipei, Republic of China (Taiwan). In Kiribati, there are High Commissions from Australia and New Zealand and an embassy of the People’s Republic of China (re-opened in May 2020).

List of countries which Kiribati maintains diplomatic relations with:

# Country Date
1  Australia 12 July 1979
2  Canada 12 July 1979
3  Fiji 12 July 1979
4  New Zealand 12 July 1979
5  Papua New Guinea 12 July 1979
6  Solomon Islands 12 July 1979
7  United Kingdom 12 July 1979
8  Japan 21 March 1980
9  South Korea 2 May 1980
10  Netherlands 6 June 1980
11  People's Republic of China 25 June 1980 - 29 November 2003, restored 27 September 2019
12  Germany 1 July 1980[2]
13  United States 12 August 1980
14  Chile 20 January 1981
15  Belgium 1981 or before
16  France 3 december 1982
17  Malaysia 15 March 1983
18  Peru 29 October 1983
19  Portugal 15 November 1983[3]
20  Tuvalu March 1984
21  Israel 21 May 1984
22  Greece 1984
23  India 6 August 1985
24  Marshall Islands 4 June 1988
25  Micronesia 9 December 1988
26  Maldives 20 March 1989
27  Singapore 7 September 1989
28  Italy 1989
29  Russia 5 September 1990
---   Holy See 10 April 1995
30  Palau 12 July 1995
31  South Africa 30 August 1999
32  Philippines 25 March 2000[4]
33  Ireland 8 September 2000
34  Morocco 21 March 2001
35  Cuba 2 September 2002
36  Switzerland 1 June 2004
37  Austria 2004
38  Thailand 29 June 2005
39  Iceland 15 September 2005[5]
40  Mexico 13 October 2005
41  Argentina 21 September 2006
42  Czech Republic 27 June 2007
43  Turkey 20 June 2008
44  Brazil 21 September 2010
45  Egypt 25 September 2010
46  Finland 25 March 2011
47  Spain 24 September 2011[6]
48  Gambia 27 September 2012
49  Georgia 28 September 2012
50  Sweden 28 September 2012
51  Indonesia 8 May 2013
---  Cook Islands 3 September 2013
52  Lithuania 15 January 2014[7]
53  Mongolia 15 January 2014[8]
54  Montenegro 17 January 2014[9]
55  Kazakhstan 18 February 2014[10]
56  Kuwait 4 March 2014[11]
57  Monaco 20 June 2014[12]
58  Estonia 4 September 2014[13]
59  Vietnam 15 September 2014[14]
60  Poland 2 March 2015[15]
61  Latvia 10 April 2015[16]
62  Brunei Darussalam 26 January 2016[17]
63  Qatar 28 March 2016[18]
64  Hungary 17 June 2016[19]
65  Croatia 26 August 2016[20]
66  Seychelles 27 February 2017
67  Jordan 8 August 2017[21]
68  Dominica 22 January 2018[22]
69  Romania 9 July 2018[23]
70  Bahrain 25 September 2018[24]
71  Saint Lucia 25 September 2018
72  Armenia 26 September 2018
73  Tajikistan 5 April 2019[25]
74  Norway 17 August 2019[26]
75  Kyrgyzstan 26 September 2019[27]
76  Nicaragua 17 May 2021[28]
77  Andorra 27 May 2021[29]
78  Pakistan 3 June 2021[30]
79  Slovenia 8 June 2021[31]
80  Paraguay 20 October 2021[32]
81  San Marino 20 October 2021[33]
82  Algeria 29 October 2021[34]
83  Jamaica 26 April 2022[35]
84  Malta 21 September 2022[36]
85  Vanuatu N/A
Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Algeria29 October 2021

Kiribati and Algeria established diplomatic relations on 29 October 2021 signed Joint Communique in New York.[37]

 Andorra 27 May 2021 Kiribati and Andorra established diplomatic relations on 27 May 2021 signed Protocol in New York.[38]
 Argentina 21 September 2006 The establishment of diplomatic relations between the Republic of Kiribati and Argentina began from 21 September 2006 signed Joint Communique in New York[39]
 Armenia26 September 2018

Kiribati and Armenia established diplomatic relations on 26 September 2018.[40][41]

 Australia12 July 1979
 Bahrain 26 September 2018[43] The establishment of diplomatic relations between the Republic of Kiribati and Bahrain began from 26 September 2018 signed Joint Statement in New York.[44]
 Brazil21 September 2010

Kiribati and Brazil established diplomatic relations on 21 September 2010.[45]

 Canada 12 July 1979 The establishment of diplomatic relations between the Republic of Kiribati and Canada began from 12 July 1979.[46]
 Chile 20 January 1981 The establishment of diplomatic relations between the Republic of Kiribati and Chile began from 20 January 1981.
 China25 June 1980, broke off 29 November 2003. Restored 27 September 2019.[47]
Main article: China–Kiribati relations
Kiribati President Taneti Mamau and Republic of China President Tsai Ing-wen in May 2016.

Kiribati firstly established diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China (PRC) in 1980. At that time, Kiribati had been the home to a satellite tracking base for PRC space program from 1997 until 2003.[48] On 7 November 2003, Kiribati established diplomatic relations with the Republic of China (ROC). Although it did not sever ties with the PRC, expressing the intention to continue relations, Beijing suspended ties on 29 November after failed attempts to lobby President Anote Tong to change his mind.

On 9 January 2004, the ROC opened its embassy in Kiribati.[49] On 31 May 2013, Kiribati opened its embassy in Taipei. This was the first ever Kiribati embassy outside of Oceania. Teekoa Iuta became Kiribati's first ambassador to the country.[50] On 20 September 2019, Kiribati switched diplomatic relations from Taiwan to China, effectively cutting all relations to Taiwan.[51] Taiwanese Foreign Minister Joseph Wu said Beijing had used "dollar diplomacy" to influence the Kiribati government.[52]

 Croatia 26 August 2016 The establishment of diplomatic relations between the Republic of Kiribati and Croatia began from 26 August 2016 signed Joint Communique in New York.[53]
 Cuba2 September 2002[54]
Main article: Cuba–Kiribati relations

In the late 2000s, Kiribati began to strengthen its relations with Cuba. Cuba provides medical aid to Kiribati. There are currently sixteen doctors providing specialised medical care in Kiribati, with sixteen more scheduled to join them.[55] Cuban doctors have reportedly provided a dramatic improvement to the field of medical care in Kiribati, reducing the child mortality rate in that country by 80%[56] As of September 2008, over twenty I-Kiribati medical students are studying in Cuba, at Cuba's expense.[57][58]

In September 2008, President Anote Tong attended the first Cuba-Pacific Islands ministerial meeting in Havana. By meeting President Raúl Castro to discuss "mutual friendship and cooperation", he became the first Pacific leader to pay a state visit to Cuba.[57] The two countries signed an agreement on increased cooperation in the field of health.[59]

 Egypt 25 September 2010 Kiribati and Egypt established diplomatic relations on 25 September 2010 signed Agreement in New York.[60]
 Estonia4 September 2014

Kiribati and Estonia established diplomatic relations on 4 September 2014.[61]

 Fiji12 July 1979
  • Kiribati has a high commission in Suva.
 Finland25 March 2011

Kiribati and Finland established diplomatic relations on 25 March 2011.[62]

 France3 December 1982, broke off 6 September 1995, Restored 6 February 1997
Main article: France–Kiribati relations

The two countries maintain official diplomatic relations, but no diplomatic presence on each other's territory; the French embassy in Suva is accredited to Kiribati.[63]

In 1995, Kiribati briefly suspended its diplomatic relations with France in protest against French nuclear tests at Mururoa in French Polynesia.[64]

 Gambia 27 September 2012 Kiribati and The Gambia established diplomatic relations on 27 September 2012.[65]
 Georgia28 September 2012 Protocol, New York[66]
Main article: Georgia–Kiribati relations
  • Georgia is accredited to Kiribati from its embassy in Canberra, Australia.
 Germany1 July 1980[67]

German shipping companies opened a trade school for seamen in 1967. It exists until today. About I-Kiribati 5,000 seaman work for German shipping companies today.[68]

  • Kiribati has an honorary consul in Hamburg.
  • Germany has no embassy in Tarawa. The German embassy in Wellington is accredited for Kiribati.
 Greece 1984 Kiribati and Greece established diplomatic relations from 1984[69]
  Holy See 10 April 1995 The establishment of diplomatic relations between the Republic of Kiribati and Holy See began from 10 April 1995[70]
 Hungary17 June 2016

Kiribati and Hungary established diplomatic relations on 17 June 2016.[71]

 India6 August 1985
Main article: India–Kiribati relations

Diplomatic relations between Kiribati and India were established on 6 August 1985.[72] At the Post Forum Dialogue partner meeting in 2006, India announced that it would provide a grant-in-aid of US$100,000 annually to each of the 14 Pacific Island countries, including Kiribati.[73] This was increased to US$125,000 from 2009.[74]

 Indonesia 8 May 2013 Kiribati and Indonesia signed joint communique on established diplomatic relations in Natadola, Fiji on 8 May 2013[75][76]
 Ireland September 2000 Kiribati and Ireland established diplomatic relations in September 2000[77]
 Israel 21 May 1984 Kiribati and Israel established diplomatic relations on 21 May 1984.[78]
 Japan 21 March 1980 Kiribati and Japan established diplomatic relations on 21 March 1980.[79]
 Kazakhstan 18 February 2014 Kiribati and Kazakhstan established diplomatic relations on 18 February 2014 signed Joint Communique in New York.[80][81]
 Kyrgyzstan 26 September 2019 The establishment of diplomatic relations between the Republic of Kiribati and Kyrgyzstan began on 26 September 2019 signed Joint Communique in New York[82]
 Lithuania 15 January 2014 The establishment of diplomatic relations between the Republic of Kiribati and Lithuania began on 15 January 2014 signed Joint Communique in New York[83][84]
 Maldives 20 March 1989 The establishment of diplomatic relations between the Republic of Kiribati and Maldives began from 20 March 1989.[85]
 Marshall Islands 4 June 1988 The establishment of diplomatic relations between the Republic of Kiribati and Marshall Islands began from 4 June 1988.[86]
 Mexico13 October 2005[87]
  • Kiribati does not have an accreditation to Mexico.
  • Mexico is accredited to Kiribati from its embassy in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.[88]
 Micronesia 9 December 1988 The establishment of diplomatic relations between the Republic of Kiribati and Federated States of Micronesia began from 9 December 1988.[89]
 Morocco 21 March 2001 The establishment of diplomatic relations between the Republic of Kiribati and Morocco began from 21 March 2001.[90]
 Netherlands 6 June 1980 The establishment of diplomatic relations between the Republic of Kiribati and the Netherlands on 6 June 1980[91]
 New Zealand12 July 1979
  • Kiribati has an honorary consulate in Wellington.
  • New Zealand has a high commission in Tarawa.[92]
 Pakistan 3 June 2021 The establishment of diplomatic relations between the Republic of Kiribati and Pakistan began from 3 June 2021 signed Joint Communique in New York.[93]
 Palau 12 July 1995 The establishment of diplomatic relations between the Republic of Kiribati and Palau began from 12 July 1995.[94]
 Paraguay 20 October 2021 The establishment of diplomatic relations between the Republic of Kiribati and Paraguay began from 20 October 2021 signed Joint Communique in New York[95]
 Poland 2 March 2015 The establishment of diplomatic relations between the Republic of Kiribati and Poland began from 2 March 2015 signed in New York.[96][97]
 Qatar 28 March 2016 The establishment of diplomatic relations between the Republic of Kiribati and Qatar began from 28 March 2016 signed Joint Statement.[98]
 Romania 9 July 2018 The establishment of diplomatic relations between Republic of Kiribati and Romania began from 9 July 2018 signed Joint Communique in Tarawa.[99]
 Russia 5 September 1990 The establishment of diplomatic relations between the Republic of Kiribati and Russia began from 5 September 1990.[100]
 Saint Lucia 25 September 2018 The establishment of diplomatic relations between the Republic of Kiribati and Saint Lucia began from 25 September 2018.[101]
 Seychelles 27 February 2017 The establishment of diplomatic relations between the Republic of Kiribati and Seychelles began from 27 February 2017 signed Agreement in New York.[102]
 Singapore 7 September 1989 The establishment diplomatic relations between the Republic of Kiribati and Singapore from 7 September 1989[103]
 Slovenia 8 June 2021 The establishment of diplomatic relations between the Republic of Kiribati and Slovenia began from 8 June 2021 signed Joint Communique in New York.[104][105]
 Solomon Islands 12 July 1979 The establishment of diplomatic relations between the Republic of Kiribati and Solomon Islands began from 12 July 1979.
 South Africa 30 August 1999 The establishment of diplomatic relations between the Republic of Kiribati and South Africa began from 30 August 1999.[106]
 Spain 24 September 2011 The establishment of diplomatic relations between the Republic of Kiribati and Spain began from 24 September 2011 Exchange of Notes Verbales in New York.[107][108]
 Sweden 28 September 2012 The establishment of diplomatic relations between the Republic of Kiribati and Sweden began from 28 September 2012 signed Agreement in New York.[109]
 Switzerland 1 June 2004 The establishment of diplomatic relations between the Republic of Kiribati and Switzerland began from 1 June 2004 signed Joint Declaration in Canberra.[110]
 Tajikistan 5 April 2019 The establishment of diplomatic relations between the Republic of Kiribati and Tajikistan began from 5 April 2019 signed Joint Communique in New York.[111][112]
 Thailand 29 June 2005 The establishment of diplomatic relations between the Republic of Kiribati and Thailand began from 29 June 2005.[113]
 Turkey20 June 2008The establishment of diplomatic relations between the Republic of Kiribati and Turkey began from 20 June 2008 signed Joint Communique in Canberra.[114][115]
 Tuvalu March 1984 The establishment of diplomatic relations between the Republic of Kiribati and Tuvalu began from March 1984[116]
 United Kingdom12 July 1979

Britain has long-standing historic links with Kiribati. The first British visitor to Kiribati was reputed to be Commodore John Byron in 1765, the immediate predecessor of James Cook's more famous explorations of the Pacific between 1769 and 1779. With the growth of the British settlement in Australia's New South Wales, whaling became a key element of the regional economy, and up to the 1870s British whalers were regular visitors to the waters surrounding Kiribati. Through its network of sovereign posts in the region (Fiji, Solomon Islands, Papua New Guinea, New Zealand and Australia), the UK maintains bilateral programmes with Kiribati sponsored by the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, Department for Environment and Department for International Development and other government departments. The UK Government's engagement in Kiribati is largely delivered through the Commonwealth, the European Union and The Asian Development Bank.

 United States12 August 1980[117]
Main article: Kiribati–United States relations

Following its independence in 1979, Kiribati signed a treaty of friendship with the United States.[118] The United States Department of State characterizes U.S.–Kiribati relations as "excellent", as of 2009.[118] Diplomatic relations are conducted by the I-Kiribati Ambassador to the United States. Although the U.S. does not maintain a diplomatic office or consulate in Kiribati, staff from the American embassy in Suva, Fiji make frequent visits to Kiribati.[118] The U.S. provides economic development assistance through multilateral institutions.[118] From 1967 to 2008, the United States Peace Corps operated in Kiribati.[118]

 Vietnam 15 September 2014 The establishment of diplomatic relations between the Republic of Kiribati and Vietnam began from 15 September 2014.[119][120]

Kiribati and the Commonwealth of Nations

Kiribati has been a republic in the Commonwealth of Nations since 1979, when the Gilbert Islands gained independence.

Aid & Development

Kiribati receives development aid from the European Union, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, Canada, USA, the Asian Development Bank, UN agencies and (until 2019) Taiwan. In recent years it has accounted for 20–25% of Kiribati's GDP. Recent projects and notable inputs by the EU have included telecommunications (improvement of telephone exchanges and provision of radio and navigation equipment), the development of seaweed as an export crop, solar energy systems for the outer islands, the upgrading of the Control Tower and fire fighting services at Tarawa's Bonriki International Airport, outer island social development, health services and extensive support for the Kiribati Vocational Training Programme. Additionally, Cuba provides doctors, as well as scholarships for I-Kiribati medical students.[57]

See also

References
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