1919 in Hungary
The following lists events in the year 1919 in Hungary.
| |||||
| Decades: |
| ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| See also: | Other events of 1919 List of years in Hungary | ||||
.svg.png.webp){kind=small}
Incumbents
- President: Mihály Károlyi (until 21 March), Sándor Garbai (21 March-1 August), István Friedrich (23 August - 24 November), Károly Huszár (from 24 November)
- Regent: Archduke Joseph August (7-23 August)
- Prime Minister: Mihály Károlyi (until 11 January), Dénes Berinkey (11 January - 21 March), Sándor Garbai (21 March-1 August), Gyula Peidl (1-6 August), István Friedrich (6 August - 24 November), Károly Huszár (from 24 November)
- Presidents of the National Assembly of Councils (14 June - 6 August): Péter Ágoston, Dezső Bokányi, Miska Kovács, Jenő Pósz, János Szokob, Lajos Urbán
Events
January
- January 1 – Czechoslovaks enter Bratislava
- January 8
- Hutsul Republic declared in Yasinia (Kőrösmező)
- Transylvanian Saxons declare for Romania in Mediaș
- January 11 – The Berinkey Government is formed, Mihály Károlyi becomes provisional President of the Republic
- January 12 – Czechoslovakia captures Uzhgorod (Ungvár)
- January 14 – Romanians arrest István Apáthy for trying to resist the establishment of Romanian administration in Cluj[1]
- January 15-29 – Czechoslovakia temporarily occupies Balassagyarmat, pushed out by local resistance
- January 16 – Furthest advance of West Ukrainian forces into Carpathian Ruthenia. They reach Sighetu Marmației and Chop, confronted with Romanian and Czech troops respectively
- January 16-29 – Battle of Ciucea (Csucsa), Romanian advance halted
- January 19
- Hungarian National Defense Association (MOVE) rally at Gólyavár. Gömbös's speech against the Károlyi regime. Gömbös becomes president of MOVE.
- West Ukrainians withdraw from Chop and Mukachevo
- January 21 – Telegram by Clemenceau demands Romanians halt their advance[2]
- January 23 – Central Workers' Council expels communists from unions
February
- February 2 – No. XVII of 1919 People's Law on land reform passed, mostly never implemented[3]
- February 12 – Czech forces leave Chop (Csap)
- February 19 – István Bethlen forms the Party of National Unification (NEP)
- February 20 – Communists attack MSZDP newspaper Népszava's building, multiple fatalities
- February 22 – Communist leaders arrested. Béla Kun is beaten up and imprisoned
- February 23 – Károlyi ceremonially starts land reform on his own Heves county estates
- February 23-26 – Battle of Zalău (Zilah)
- February 26 – Paris Peace Conference resolves to establish a neutral zone between Romanian and Hungarian forces,
March
- March 2 – Mihály Károlyi's speech in Szatmárnémeti in front of the Székely Division, declaring armed resistance against allied territorial demands
- March 4 – Elections held in Rus'ka Krajina[4]
- March 5 – People's Law establishes a Party-list proportional system, never implemented[5]
- March 20 – The Vix Note demands Hungary withdraw over 100 km to the Szeged - Debrecen - Vásárosnamény line, Berinkey Government resigns
- March 21 – Hungary rejects the Vix Note, the MSZDP and KMP unite to form a united socialist party, Károlyi falls from power, Hungarian Soviet Republic declared
- March 26 – Red Guard established
- March 29-April 6 – Székelys revolt in Ținutul Sării (Sóvidék)
April
- April 4 – Lands above 100 acres nationalized
- April 4-6 – Smuts Mission: Jan Smuts offers a more favorable demarcation line, the Soviet government rejects it
- April 7-14 – Council elections in Soviet Hungary
- April 12 – Bethlen forms the Antibolsevista Comité in Vienna
- April 14 – Anti-Soviet group formed in French-occupied Szeged by Béla Kelemen[6].
- April 16 – Successful Romanian offensive launched to capture Tiszántúl
- April 19-24 – Counter-revolution in Carpathian Ruthenia
- April 21-22 – Counter-revolution in Alsólendva
- April 23 – Romanians enter Debrecen
- April 26
- ABC sends Gyula Gömbös to Szeged[7]
- Part of the Székely Batallion surrenders at Demecser
- April 27 – Czechoslovakia invades Soviet Hungary
May
- May 2 – Czech forces capture Miskolc
- May 5
- Counter-revolution breaks out in Devecser
- First counter-revolutionary government formed by Gyula Károlyi in Arad
- May 6 – ABC militia repulsed at Bruck am Leitha
- May 8 – Central Ruthenian National Council headed by Ágoston Volosin declares the union Carpathian Ruthenia with Czechoslovakia
- May 18 – Romanians enter Arad
- May 19-20 – Battle of Kisterenye, Hungary repulses Czech attempts to encircle Salgótarján
- May 20-21 – Hungary re-captures Miskolc, then repulses a combined Czech-Romanian counter-attack. French advisors replace Italians in the Czech army
- May 29 – Republic of Prekmurje declared
- May 31 – The Arad government flees to French-occupied Szeged. Some members are interned by Romanian forces. The First Szeged Government formed, including some former ABC members. Miklós Horthy becomes Minister of Defense.
June
- June 1 – Railway strike begins in Transdunabia
- June 6
- Hungary re-captures Košice (Kassa)
- Second Szeged Government established
- The Szeged Government establishes the National Army lead by Horthy
- June 7 – The Paris Peace Conference urges Hungary to withdraw, but does not specify a demarcation line. Béla Kun requests clarification, prompting the conference to finalize the border
- June 10 – Hungary re-captures Bardejov (Bártfa), effectively cutting off Carpathian Ruthenia from Czechoslovakia
- June 11 – Paris Peace Conference resolves Hungary's future border with Romania and Czechoslovakia[8]
- June 13 – Clemenceau Note: Clemenceau urges Hungary to withdraw from Slovakia
- June 16 – Slovak Soviet Republic declared
- June 18 – Counter-revolutionary uprising around Dunapataj and Kalocsa, brutally supressed
- June 23
- Ceasefire between Hungary and Czechoslovakia ends the Northern Campaign
- Final constitution of the Socialist Federative Republic of Councils in Hungary passed
- June 24 – Counter-revolutionary uprising in Budapest
- June 29 –July 7 –Hungary withdraws from Slovakia
July
- July 3 – Aurél Stromfeld resigns from Command
- July 5 – Mihály Károlyi flees from Hungary
- July 12 – Gyula Károlyi resigns to Dezső Ábrahám to allied preassure, forming the Third Szeged Government
- July 20 – Hungary launces its offensive across the Tisza
- July 24 – Romanian counter attack in Tiszántúl crushes the Red Army
- July 25 – Mass murder in Hódmezővásárhely
- July 28 – Romanian forces cross the Tisza at Tiszalök
- July 31 – Romanians capture Szolnok
August
- August 1
- Béla Kun and the Revolutionary Governing Council resigns, effectively ending the Hungarian Soviet Republic. Gyula Peidl forms a purely social democratic government by the approval of the Soldiers' and Workers' council
- Hungarian counter-attack briefly re-captures Szolnok
- Romanians capture Füzesabony, Miskolc is cut off from Budapest
- August 2
- The Peidl Government restores the Hungarian People's Republic
- Romanians capture Cegléd, the encircled troops in Szolnok surrender or flee by 3 PM.
- August 3
- Romanian forces enter Timișoara
- Red Guard dissolved
- Counter-revolutionary takeover begins in Vas County
- August 4
- Romanian forces enter Budapest
- First units of the National army leaves Szeged to Transdanubia, lead by Pál Prónay
- Former ABC members, the Szeged Government and Vilmos Böhm negotiate in Jockey Club, Vienna. The Graz Command refuses to accept the Peidl Government and decides to invade Hungary[9]
- August 6
- Anton Lehár arrives to Szombathely, takes command of counter-revolutionary forces in West Hungary
- Habsburg legitimist Friedrich overthrows Peidl
- August 7 – Freidrich declares Archduke Joseph August head of state as Regent
- August 9 – Horthy declares himself independent of the Szeged Government
- August 11 – Allied Military Mission arrives to Budapest (Harry Hill Bandholtz, Reginald Gorton, Jean César Graziani, and Ernesto Mombelli)
- August 12
- Yugoslavia occupies Prekmurje
- Joseph August declares Horthy Supreme Commander[10]
- August 13
- Czechoslovakia crosses the Danube across Bratislava, occupying Ligetfalu (Petržalka)
- Antal Szigray declared governor of West Hungary (Moson, Sopron, Vas, Zala)
- August 15 – Horthy takes oath to Joseph August[11]
- August 17 – Council of Germans in Güssing (Németújvár) declare for Austria[12]
- August 18 – Romania occupies Veszprém and Győr
- August 19 – Third and last Szeged Government resigns
- August 20
- August 23 – Archduke Joseph August resigns to allied pressure
- August 24 – Social Democratic Party of Hungary re-established by Károly Peyer
- August 25 – Christian Social and Economic Party founded
- August 28 – Romanians raid Kapuvár
- August 30 – Christian National Party founded
September
- September 3 – National Smallholders and Agricultural Laborers' Party Party founded
- September 8 – Friedrich visits Szombathely, negotiates with local forces[15]
- September 10 – Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Allies cede Burgerland to Austria
- September 21-23 – Horthy visits Western Transdunabia, negotiates with local forces
October
- October 2-November 14 – Romanians withdraw from Transdunabia
- October 5 – Harry Hill Bandholtz prevents the Romanian looting of the Hungarian National Museum
- October 23 – Sir George Clerk arrives to Budapest
- October 25 – Christian National Party and Christian Social and Economic Party unifies to form the Christian National Union Party (KNEP)
November
- November 1 – Horthy denounces violence against jews comitted by the National Army[16]
- November 5 – Negotiations lead by George Clerk, an agreement is reached that Miklós Horthy will enter Budapest. Horthy promises not to establish military dictatorship or start a pogrom in Budapest
- November 14 – Romanians leave Budapest
- November 16 – Horthy's National Army ceremonially enter Budapest
- November 17 – 5985. M.E. of 1919 s. decree re-affirms universal secret suffrage (from age 24, with literacy requirements for women)
- November 21 – National Smallholders and Agricultural Laborers' Party and National 48-er Independence and Agricultural Laborers' Party unite to form the United Smallholders and Agricultural Laborers' Party (OKGFP)
- November 23 – Romania finished withdrawal to the Tisza River
- November 24 – Huszár Government formed with Clerk's supervision
- November 27 – Border clash with Yugoslavia at Rédics. Hungarians march on Alsólendva but repulsed
December
- December: Allies send provisional missions to Hungary, Thomas Hohler (UK), Maurice Fouchet (France), and Vittorio Cerruti (Italy)
- December 1 – Hungary is invited to the Paris Peace Conference
- December 8-18 – Czech forces withdraw from Balassagyarmat, Salgótarján, Ózd, Sátoraljaújhely, etc. to the future Trianon border
Deaths
- January 27 – Endre Ady
- April 8 – Loránd Eötvös
- June 6 – Jenő Kvassay
- June 20 – Tivadar Csontváry Kosztka
- August 2 – Tibor Szamuely
References
- Borsányi 1988, pp. 148
- Ormos 1998, pp. 37
- Kft, Wolters Kluwer Hungary. "1919. évi XVIII. néptörvény - 1.oldal - Ezer év törvényei". net.jogtar.hu. Retrieved 2023-04-02.
- Völgyes 1971, p. 102
- Ormos 1998, pp. 32
- Zsiga 1989, pp. 17
- Zsiga 1989, pp. 13
- Ormos 1998, pp. 57
- Zsiga 1989, pp. 26
- Zsiga 1989, pp. 35
- Zsiga 1989, pp. 35
- Zsiga 1989, pp. 34
- Zsiga 1989, pp. 41-42
- Zsiga 1989, pp. 65
- Zsiga 1989, pp. 67
- Ormos 1998, pp. 75
Borsányi, Gy. (1988). Októbertől márciusig. Kossuth Könyvkiadó.
Breitt, J. (1925). A magyarországi 1918/19. évi forradalmi mozgalmak és a vörös háború története. Magy. Kir. Hadtörténelmi Levéltár
Fogarassy, László (1988) A magyarországi Tanácsköztársaság katonai összeomlása. Értekezések a történeti tudományok köréből. Új sorozat (109). Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest. ISBN 963-05-4968-9
Hatos, P. (2021). Rosszfiúk világforradalma. Jaffa Kiadó
Ormos, M. (1998). Magyarország a két világháború korában, 1914-1945 (Vol. 6). Csokonai Kiadó.
Völgyes, Iván (1971). Hungary in Revolution, 1918-19: Nine Essays. p. 100-105. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN: 0803207883
Zsiga, Tibor (1989). Horthy ellen, a királyért.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.