vuma

Swahili

Verb

-vuma (infinitive kuvuma)

to growl, howl, hum, roar

Conjugation

Conjugation of -vuma

Non-finite forms

Form

Positive

Negative

Infinitive

kuvuma

kutovuma

Simple finite forms

Positive form

Singular

Plural

Imperative

vuma

vumeni

Habitual

huvuma

Complex finite forms

Polarity

Persons

Persons / Classes

Classes

1st

2nd

3rd / M-wa

M-mi

Ma

Ki-vi

N

U

Ku

Pa

Mu

Sg.

Pl.

Sg.

Pl.

Sg. / 1

Pl. / 2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11 / 14

15 / 17

16

18

Past
Positive	nilivuma nalivuma	tulivuma twalivuma	ulivuma walivuma	mlivuma mwalivuma	alivuma	walivuma	ulivuma	ilivuma	lilivuma	yalivuma	kilivuma	vilivuma	ilivuma	zilivuma	ulivuma	kulivuma	palivuma	mulivuma
Relative	niliovuma naliovuma	tuliovuma twaliovuma	uliovuma waliovuma	mliovuma mwaliovuma	aliovuma	waliovuma	uliovuma	iliovuma	liliovuma	yaliovuma	kiliovuma	viliovuma	iliovuma	ziliovuma	uliovuma	kuliovuma	paliovuma	muliovuma
Negative	sikuvuma	hatukuvuma	hukuvuma	hamkuvuma	hakuvuma	hawakuvuma	haukuvuma	haikuvuma	halikuvuma	hayakuvuma	hakikuvuma	havikuvuma	haikuvuma	hazikuvuma	haukuvuma	hakukuvuma	hapakuvuma	hamukuvuma

Present
Positive	ninavuma navuma	tunavuma	unavuma	mnavuma	anavuma	wanavuma	unavuma	inavuma	linavuma	yanavuma	kinavuma	vinavuma	inavuma	zinavuma	unavuma	kunavuma	panavuma	munavuma
Relative	ninaovuma naovuma	tunaovuma	unaovuma	mnaovuma	anaovuma	wanaovuma	unaovuma	inaovuma	linaovuma	yanaovuma	kinaovuma	vinaovuma	inaovuma	zinaovuma	unaovuma	kunaovuma	panaovuma	munaovuma
Negative	sivumi	hatuvumi	huvumi	hamvumi	havumi	hawavumi	hauvumi	haivumi	halivumi	hayavumi	hakivumi	havivumi	haivumi	hazivumi	hauvumi	hakuvumi	hapavumi	hamuvumi

Future
Positive	nitavuma	tutavuma	utavuma	mtavuma	atavuma	watavuma	utavuma	itavuma	litavuma	yatavuma	kitavuma	vitavuma	itavuma	zitavuma	utavuma	kutavuma	patavuma	mutavuma
Relative	nitakaovuma	tutakaovuma	utakaovuma	mtakaovuma	atakaovuma	watakaovuma	utakaovuma	itakaovuma	litakaovuma	yatakaovuma	kitakaovuma	vitakaovuma	itakaovuma	zitakaovuma	utakaovuma	kutakaovuma	patakaovuma	mutakaovuma
Negative	sitavuma	hatutavuma	hutavuma	hamtavuma	hatavuma	hawatavuma	hautavuma	haitavuma	halitavuma	hayatavuma	hakitavuma	havitavuma	haitavuma	hazitavuma	hautavuma	hakutavuma	hapatavuma	hamutavuma

Subjunctive
Positive	nivume	tuvume	uvume	mvume	avume	wavume	uvume	ivume	livume	yavume	kivume	vivume	ivume	zivume	uvume	kuvume	pavume	muvume
Negative	nisivume	tusivume	usivume	msivume	asivume	wasivume	usivume	isivume	lisivume	yasivume	kisivume	visivume	isivume	zisivume	usivume	kusivume	pasivume	musivume

Present Conditional
Positive	ningevuma	tungevuma	ungevuma	mngevuma	angevuma	wangevuma	ungevuma	ingevuma	lingevuma	yangevuma	kingevuma	vingevuma	ingevuma	zingevuma	ungevuma	kungevuma	pangevuma	mungevuma
Negative	nisingevuma singevuma	tusingevuma hatungevuma	usingevuma hungevuma	msingevuma hamngevuma	asingevuma hangevuma	wasingevuma hawangevuma	usingevuma haungevuma	isingevuma haingevuma	lisingevuma halingevuma	yasingevuma hayangevuma	kisingevuma hakingevuma	visingevuma havingevuma	isingevuma haingevuma	zisingevuma hazingevuma	usingevuma haungevuma	kusingevuma hakungevuma	pasingevuma hapangevuma	musingevuma hamungevuma

Past Conditional
Positive	ningalivuma	tungalivuma	ungalivuma	mngalivuma	angalivuma	wangalivuma	ungalivuma	ingalivuma	lingalivuma	yangalivuma	kingalivuma	vingalivuma	ingalivuma	zingalivuma	ungalivuma	kungalivuma	pangalivuma	mungalivuma
Negative	nisingalivuma singalivuma	tusingalivuma hatungalivuma	usingalivuma hungalivuma	msingalivuma hamngalivuma	asingalivuma hangalivuma	wasingalivuma hawangalivuma	usingalivuma haungalivuma	isingalivuma haingalivuma	lisingalivuma halingalivuma	yasingalivuma hayangalivuma	kisingalivuma hakingalivuma	visingalivuma havingalivuma	isingalivuma haingalivuma	zisingalivuma hazingalivuma	usingalivuma haungalivuma	kusingalivuma hakungalivuma	pasingalivuma hapangalivuma	musingalivuma hamungalivuma

Conditional Contrary to Fact
Positive	ningelivuma	tungelivuma	ungelivuma	mngelivuma	angelivuma	wangelivuma	ungelivuma	ingelivuma	lingelivuma	yangelivuma	kingelivuma	vingelivuma	ingelivuma	zingelivuma	ungelivuma	kungelivuma	pangelivuma	mungelivuma

General Relative
Positive	nivumao	tuvumao	uvumao	mvumao	avumao	wavumao	uvumao	ivumao	livumao	yavumao	kivumao	vivumao	ivumao	zivumao	uvumao	kuvumao	pavumao	muvumao
Negative	nisiovuma	tusiovuma	usiovuma	msiovuma	asiovuma	wasiovuma	usiovuma	isiovuma	lisiovuma	yasiovuma	kisiovuma	visiovuma	isiovuma	zisiovuma	usiovuma	kusiovuma	pasiovuma	musiovuma

Gnomic
Positive	navuma	twavuma	wavuma	mwavuma	avuma	wavuma	wavuma	yavuma	lavuma	yavuma	chavuma	vyavuma	yavuma	zavuma	wavuma	kwavuma	pavuma	mwavuma

Perfect
Positive	nimevuma	tumevuma	umevuma	mmevuma	amevuma	wamevuma	umevuma	imevuma	limevuma	yamevuma	kimevuma	vimevuma	imevuma	zimevuma	umevuma	kumevuma	pamevuma	mumevuma

"Already"
Positive	nimeshavuma	tumeshavuma	umeshavuma	mmeshavuma	ameshavuma	wameshavuma	umeshavuma	imeshavuma	limeshavuma	yameshavuma	kimeshavuma	vimeshavuma	imeshavuma	zimeshavuma	umeshavuma	kumeshavuma	pameshavuma	mumeshavuma

"Not yet"
Negative	sijavuma	hatujavuma	hujavuma	hamjavuma	hajavuma	hawajavuma	haujavuma	haijavuma	halijavuma	hayajavuma	hakijavuma	havijavuma	haijavuma	hazijavuma	haujavuma	hakujavuma	hapajavuma	hamujavuma

"If/When"
Positive	nikivuma	tukivuma	ukivuma	mkivuma	akivuma	wakivuma	ukivuma	ikivuma	likivuma	yakivuma	kikivuma	vikivuma	ikivuma	zikivuma	ukivuma	kukivuma	pakivuma	mukivuma

"If not"
Negative	nisipovuma	tusipovuma	usipovuma	msipovuma	asipovuma	wasipovuma	usipovuma	isipovuma	lisipovuma	yasipovuma	kisipovuma	visipovuma	isipovuma	zisipovuma	usipovuma	kusipovuma	pasipovuma	musipovuma

Consecutive
Positive	nikavuma	tukavuma	ukavuma	mkavuma	akavuma	wakavuma	ukavuma	ikavuma	likavuma	yakavuma	kikavuma	vikavuma	ikavuma	zikavuma	ukavuma	kukavuma	pakavuma	mukavuma

Not all possible forms are listed in the table. Transitive verbs can take object concords, relative concords can agree with all noun classes, and many other forms not commonly seen in modern Standard Swahili are absent from the table. See Appendix:Swahili verbs for more information.

Derived terms

Verbal derivations:
- Applicative: -vumilia
- Causative: -vumisha (“cause commotion”)
- Stative: -vumika (“be famous”)

Xhosa

Verb

-vuma

to agree

Inflection

This verb needs an inflection-table template.

Zulu

Verb

-vuma

to agree

Inflection

Tone L
Infinitive	ukuvuma
	Positive	Negative
Infinitive	ukuvuma	ukungavumi
	Imperative
	Simple	+ object concord
Singular	vuma	-vume
Plural	vumani	-vumeni
	Present
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngiyavuma, ngivuma	engivumayo, engivuma	ngivuma	angivumi	engingavumi	ngingavumi
2nd singular	uyavuma, uvuma	ovumayo, ovuma	uvuma	awuvumi	ongavumi	ungavumi
1st plural	siyavuma, sivuma	esivumayo, esivuma	sivuma	asivumi	esingavumi	singavumi
2nd plural	niyavuma, nivuma	enivumayo, enivuma	nivuma	anivumi	eningavumi	ningavumi
Class 1	uyavuma, uvuma	ovumayo, ovuma	evuma	akavumi	ongavumi	engavumi
Class 2	bayavuma, bavuma	abavumayo, abavuma	bevuma	abavumi	abangavumi	bengavumi
Class 3	uyavuma, uvuma	ovumayo, ovuma	uvuma	awuvumi	ongavumi	ungavumi
Class 4	iyavuma, ivuma	evumayo, evuma	ivuma	ayivumi	engavumi	ingavumi
Class 5	liyavuma, livuma	elivumayo, elivuma	livuma	alivumi	elingavumi	lingavumi
Class 6	ayavuma, avuma	avumayo, avuma	evuma	awavumi	angavumi	engavumi
Class 7	siyavuma, sivuma	esivumayo, esivuma	sivuma	asivumi	esingavumi	singavumi
Class 8	ziyavuma, zivuma	ezivumayo, ezivuma	zivuma	azivumi	ezingavumi	zingavumi
Class 9	iyavuma, ivuma	evumayo, evuma	ivuma	ayivumi	engavumi	ingavumi
Class 10	ziyavuma, zivuma	ezivumayo, ezivuma	zivuma	azivumi	ezingavumi	zingavumi
Class 11	luyavuma, luvuma	oluvumayo, oluvuma	luvuma	aluvumi	olungavumi	lungavumi
Class 14	buyavuma, buvuma	obuvumayo, obuvuma	buvuma	abuvumi	obungavumi	bungavumi
Class 15	kuyavuma, kuvuma	okuvumayo, okuvuma	kuvuma	akuvumi	okungavumi	kungavumi
Class 17	kuyavuma, kuvuma	okuvumayo, okuvuma	kuvuma	akuvumi	okungavumi	kungavumi
	Recent past
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngivumile, ngivumē	engivumile, engivumē	ngivumile, ngivumē	angivumanga	engingavumanga	ngingavumanga
2nd singular	uvumile, uvumē	ovumile, ovumē	uvumile, uvumē	awuvumanga	ongavumanga	ungavumanga
1st plural	sivumile, sivumē	esivumile, esivumē	sivumile, sivumē	asivumanga	esingavumanga	singavumanga
2nd plural	nivumile, nivumē	enivumile, enivumē	nivumile, nivumē	anivumanga	eningavumanga	ningavumanga
Class 1	uvumile, uvumē	ovumile, ovumē	evumile, evumē	akavumanga	ongavumanga	engavumanga
Class 2	bavumile, bavumē	abavumile, abavumē	bevumile, bevumē	abavumanga	abangavumanga	bengavumanga
Class 3	uvumile, uvumē	ovumile, ovumē	uvumile, uvumē	awuvumanga	ongavumanga	ungavumanga
Class 4	ivumile, ivumē	evumile, evumē	ivumile, ivumē	ayivumanga	engavumanga	ingavumanga
Class 5	livumile, livumē	elivumile, elivumē	livumile, livumē	alivumanga	elingavumanga	lingavumanga
Class 6	avumile, avumē	avumile, avumē	evumile, evumē	awavumanga	angavumanga	engavumanga
Class 7	sivumile, sivumē	esivumile, esivumē	sivumile, sivumē	asivumanga	esingavumanga	singavumanga
Class 8	zivumile, zivumē	ezivumile, ezivumē	zivumile, zivumē	azivumanga	ezingavumanga	zingavumanga
Class 9	ivumile, ivumē	evumile, evumē	ivumile, ivumē	ayivumanga	engavumanga	ingavumanga
Class 10	zivumile, zivumē	ezivumile, ezivumē	zivumile, zivumē	azivumanga	ezingavumanga	zingavumanga
Class 11	luvumile, luvumē	oluvumile, oluvumē	luvumile, luvumē	aluvumanga	olungavumanga	lungavumanga
Class 14	buvumile, buvumē	obuvumile, obuvumē	buvumile, buvumē	abuvumanga	obungavumanga	bungavumanga
Class 15	kuvumile, kuvumē	okuvumile, okuvumē	kuvumile, kuvumē	akuvumanga	okungavumanga	kungavumanga
Class 17	kuvumile, kuvumē	okuvumile, okuvumē	kuvumile, kuvumē	akuvumanga	okungavumanga	kungavumanga
	Remote past
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngāvuma	engāvuma	ngāvuma	angivumanga	engingavumanga	ngingavumanga
2nd singular	wāvuma	owāvuma	wāvuma	awuvumanga	ongavumanga	ungavumanga
1st plural	sāvuma	esāvuma	sāvuma	asivumanga	esingavumanga	singavumanga
2nd plural	nāvuma	enāvuma	nāvuma	anivumanga	eningavumanga	ningavumanga
Class 1	wāvuma	owāvuma	āvuma	akavumanga	ongavumanga	engavumanga
Class 2	bāvuma	abāvuma	bāvuma	abavumanga	abangavumanga	bengavumanga
Class 3	wāvuma	owāvuma	wāvuma	awuvumanga	ongavumanga	ungavumanga
Class 4	yāvuma	eyāvuma	yāvuma	ayivumanga	engavumanga	ingavumanga
Class 5	lāvuma	elāvuma	lāvuma	alivumanga	elingavumanga	lingavumanga
Class 6	āvuma	āvuma	āvuma	awavumanga	angavumanga	engavumanga
Class 7	sāvuma	esāvuma	sāvuma	asivumanga	esingavumanga	singavumanga
Class 8	zāvuma	ezāvuma	zāvuma	azivumanga	ezingavumanga	zingavumanga
Class 9	yāvuma	eyāvuma	yāvuma	ayivumanga	engavumanga	ingavumanga
Class 10	zāvuma	ezāvuma	zāvuma	azivumanga	ezingavumanga	zingavumanga
Class 11	lwāvuma	olwāvuma	lwāvuma	aluvumanga	olungavumanga	lungavumanga
Class 14	bāvuma	obāvuma	bāvuma	abuvumanga	obungavumanga	bungavumanga
Class 15	kwāvuma	okwāvuma	kwāvuma	akuvumanga	okungavumanga	kungavumanga
Class 17	kwāvuma	okwāvuma	kwāvuma	akuvumanga	okungavumanga	kungavumanga
	Potential
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngingavuma	—	ngingavuma	ngingevume	—	ngingevume
2nd singular	ungavuma	—	ungavuma	ungevume	—	ungevume
1st plural	singavuma	—	singavuma	singevume	—	singevume
2nd plural	ningavuma	—	ningavuma	ningevume	—	ningevume
Class 1	angavuma	—	engavuma	angevume	—	engevume
Class 2	bangavuma	—	bengavuma	bangevume	—	bengevume
Class 3	ungavuma	—	ungavuma	ungevume	—	ungevume
Class 4	ingavuma	—	ingavuma	ingevume	—	ingevume
Class 5	lingavuma	—	lingavuma	lingevume	—	lingevume
Class 6	angavuma	—	engavuma	angevume	—	engevume
Class 7	singavuma	—	singavuma	singevume	—	singevume
Class 8	zingavuma	—	zingavuma	zingevume	—	zingevume
Class 9	ingavuma	—	ingavuma	ingevume	—	ingevume
Class 10	zingavuma	—	zingavuma	zingevume	—	zingevume
Class 11	lungavuma	—	lungavuma	lungevume	—	lungevume
Class 14	bungavuma	—	bungavuma	bungevume	—	bungevume
Class 15	kungavuma	—	kungavuma	kungevume	—	kungevume
Class 17	kungavuma	—	kungavuma	kungevume	—	kungevume
	Immediate future
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngizovuma	engizovuma	ngizovuma	angizuvuma	engingezuvuma	ngingezuvuma
2nd singular	uzovuma	ozovuma	uzovuma	awuzuvuma	ongezuvuma	ungezuvuma
1st plural	sizovuma	esizovuma	sizovuma	asizuvuma	esingezuvuma	singezuvuma
2nd plural	nizovuma	enizovuma	nizovuma	anizuvuma	eningezuvuma	ningezuvuma
Class 1	uzovuma	ozovuma	ezovuma	akazuvuma	ongezuvuma	engezuvuma
Class 2	bazovuma	abazovuma	bezovuma	abazuvuma	abangezuvuma	bengezuvuma
Class 3	uzovuma	ozovuma	uzovuma	awuzuvuma	ongezuvuma	ungezuvuma
Class 4	izovuma	ezovuma	izovuma	ayizuvuma	engezuvuma	ingezuvuma
Class 5	lizovuma	elizovuma	lizovuma	alizuvuma	elingezuvuma	lingezuvuma
Class 6	azovuma	azovuma	ezovuma	awazuvuma	angezuvuma	engezuvuma
Class 7	sizovuma	esizovuma	sizovuma	asizuvuma	esingezuvuma	singezuvuma
Class 8	zizovuma	ezizovuma	zizovuma	azizuvuma	ezingezuvuma	zingezuvuma
Class 9	izovuma	ezovuma	izovuma	ayizuvuma	engezuvuma	ingezuvuma
Class 10	zizovuma	ezizovuma	zizovuma	azizuvuma	ezingezuvuma	zingezuvuma
Class 11	luzovuma	oluzovuma	luzovuma	aluzuvuma	olungezuvuma	lungezuvuma
Class 14	buzovuma	obuzovuma	buzovuma	abuzuvuma	obungezuvuma	bungezuvuma
Class 15	kuzovuma	okuzovuma	kuzovuma	akuzuvuma	okungezuvuma	kungezuvuma
Class 17	kuzovuma	okuzovuma	kuzovuma	akuzuvuma	okungezuvuma	kungezuvuma
	Remote future
	Positive absolute	Positive relative	Positive participial	Negative absolute	Negative relative	Negative participial
1st singular	ngiyovuma	engiyovuma	ngiyovuma	angiyuvuma	engingeyuvuma	ngingeyuvuma
2nd singular	uyovuma	oyovuma	uyovuma	awuyuvuma	ongeyuvuma	ungeyuvuma
1st plural	siyovuma	esiyovuma	siyovuma	asiyuvuma	esingeyuvuma	singeyuvuma
2nd plural	niyovuma	eniyovuma	niyovuma	aniyuvuma	eningeyuvuma	ningeyuvuma
Class 1	uyovuma	oyovuma	eyovuma	akayuvuma	ongeyuvuma	engeyuvuma
Class 2	bayovuma	abayovuma	beyovuma	abayuvuma	abangeyuvuma	bengeyuvuma
Class 3	uyovuma	oyovuma	uyovuma	awuyuvuma	ongeyuvuma	ungeyuvuma
Class 4	iyovuma	eyovuma	iyovuma	ayiyuvuma	engeyuvuma	ingeyuvuma
Class 5	liyovuma	eliyovuma	liyovuma	aliyuvuma	elingeyuvuma	lingeyuvuma
Class 6	ayovuma	ayovuma	eyovuma	awayuvuma	angeyuvuma	engeyuvuma
Class 7	siyovuma	esiyovuma	siyovuma	asiyuvuma	esingeyuvuma	singeyuvuma
Class 8	ziyovuma	eziyovuma	ziyovuma	aziyuvuma	ezingeyuvuma	zingeyuvuma
Class 9	iyovuma	eyovuma	iyovuma	ayiyuvuma	engeyuvuma	ingeyuvuma
Class 10	ziyovuma	eziyovuma	ziyovuma	aziyuvuma	ezingeyuvuma	zingeyuvuma
Class 11	luyovuma	oluyovuma	luyovuma	aluyuvuma	olungeyuvuma	lungeyuvuma
Class 14	buyovuma	obuyovuma	buyovuma	abuyuvuma	obungeyuvuma	bungeyuvuma
Class 15	kuyovuma	okuyovuma	kuyovuma	akuyuvuma	okungeyuvuma	kungeyuvuma
Class 17	kuyovuma	okuyovuma	kuyovuma	akuyuvuma	okungeyuvuma	kungeyuvuma
	Present subjunctive
	Positive	Negative
1st singular	ngivume	ngingavumi
2nd singular	uvume	ungavumi
1st plural	sivume	singavumi
2nd plural	nivume	ningavumi
Class 1	avume	angavumi
Class 2	bavume	bangavumi
Class 3	uvume	ungavumi
Class 4	ivume	ingavumi
Class 5	livume	lingavumi
Class 6	avume	angavumi
Class 7	sivume	singavumi
Class 8	zivume	zingavumi
Class 9	ivume	ingavumi
Class 10	zivume	zingavumi
Class 11	luvume	lungavumi
Class 14	buvume	bungavumi
Class 15	kuvume	kungavumi
Class 17	kuvume	kungavumi
	Past subjunctive
	Positive	Negative
1st singular	ngavuma	ngangavuma, angavuma, angangavuma
2nd singular	wavuma	wangavuma, awavuma, awangavuma
1st plural	savuma	sangavuma, asavuma, asangavuma
2nd plural	navuma	nangavuma, anavuma, anangavuma
Class 1	wavuma	wangavuma, akavuma, akangavuma
Class 2	bavuma	bangavuma, abavuma, abangavuma
Class 3	wavuma	wangavuma, awavuma, awangavuma
Class 4	yavuma	yangavuma, ayavuma, ayangavuma
Class 5	lavuma	langavuma, alavuma, alangavuma
Class 6	avuma	angavuma, awavuma, awangavuma
Class 7	savuma	sangavuma, asavuma, asangavuma
Class 8	zavuma	zangavuma, azavuma, azangavuma
Class 9	yavuma	yangavuma, ayavuma, ayangavuma
Class 10	zavuma	zangavuma, azavuma, azangavuma
Class 11	lwavuma	lwangavuma, alwavuma, alwangavuma
Class 14	bavuma	bangavuma, abavuma, abangavuma
Class 15	kwavuma	kwangavuma, akwavuma, akwangavuma
Class 17	kwavuma	kwangavuma, akwavuma, akwangavuma

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