sḏd

Egyptian

Etymology

s- (causative prefix) +‎ ḏd (“to say”).

Pronunciation
 
  • (reconstructed) IPA(key): /ˈsicʼtʼit/ → /ˈsit͡ʃʼʔiʔ/ → /ˈset͡ʃʼə/

Verb

 caus. 2-lit.

  1. (transitive) to recount

Inflection
Conjugation of sḏd (causative biliteral / caus. 2-lit. / caus. 2rad.) — base stem: sḏd
infinitival forms imperative
infinitive negatival complement complementary infinitive1 singular plural
sḏdt, sḏd
 sḏdw, sḏd
 sḏdt
 sḏd
 sḏd
‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem periphrastic imperfective2 periphrastic prospective2
sḏd
 ḥr sḏd
 m sḏd
 r sḏd
suffix conjugation
aspect / mood active passive contingent
aspect / mood active passive
perfect sḏd.n
 sḏdw, sḏd
 consecutive sḏd.jn
 active + .tj1, .tw2
active + .tj1, .tw2
terminative sḏdt
perfective3 sḏd
 active + .tj1, .tw2
 obligative sḏd.ḫr
 active + .tj1, .tw2
imperfective sḏd
 active + .tj1, .tw2
prospective3 sḏdw, sḏd, sḏdy
 sḏdw, sḏd, sḏdy
 potentialis sḏd.kꜣ
 active + .tj1, .tw2
active + .tj1, .tw2
subjunctive sḏd
 active + .tj1, .tw2
verbal adjectives
aspect / mood relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms participles
active passive active passive
perfect sḏd.n
 active + .tj1, .tw2
 — —
perfective sḏd
 active + .tj1, .tw2
 sḏd
 sḏd, sḏdw5, sḏdy5
imperfective sḏd, sḏdy, sḏdw5
 active + .tj1, .tw2
 sḏd, sḏdj6, sḏdy6
 sḏd, sḏdw5
prospective sḏd, sḏdtj7
 — sḏdwtj1 4, sḏdtj4, sḏdt4
  1. Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian.
  2. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian.
  3. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective.
  4. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, plural .sn.
  5. Only in the masculine singular.
  6. Only in the masculine.
  7. Only in the feminine.

Alternative forms
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of sḏd  
sḏd

Descendants
  • Demotic: sḏy
    • Akhmimic Coptic: ⲥⲉϫⲉ (seje)
    • Bohairic Coptic: ⲥⲁϫⲓ (saji)
    • Fayyumic Coptic: ϣⲉϫⲓ (šeji)
    • Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲥⲉϫⲉ (seje)
    • Sahidic Coptic: ϣⲁϫⲉ (šaje)

References
  • Hoch, James (1997) Middle Egyptian Grammar, Mississauga: Benben Publications, →ISBN, page 89, 113
  1. Loprieno, Antonio (1995) Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 49, 53
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