peser
French
Etymology
From Middle French peser, from Old French peser, from Classical Latin pēnsāre, whence also the doublet penser 'think'.
Pronunciation
Verb
peser
- (intransitive) to weigh (to have a weight of)
- Je pèse 80 kilos
- I weigh 80 kilos
- Les pièces jointes doivent peser moins de 8 Mo.
- Attachments must be under 8 megabytes.
- (transitive) to weigh (to see how much something weighs)
- Il faut peser les abricots
- You must weigh the apricots
- to burden, weigh down
- Ça lui pèse.
- 'That weighs on his mind.'
Conjugation
This verb is conjugated mostly like the regular -er verbs (parler and chanter and so on), but the -e- /ə/ of the second-to-last syllable becomes -è- /ɛ/ when the next vowel is a silent or schwa -e-. For example, in the third-person singular present indicative, we have il pèse rather than *il pese. Other verbs conjugated this way include lever and mener. Related but distinct conjugations include those of appeler and préférer.
Conjugation of peser (see also Appendix:French verbs)
| infinitive | simple | peser | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| compound | avoir + past participle | ||||||
| present participle or gerund1 | simple | pesant /pə.zɑ̃/ | |||||
| compound | ayant + past participle | ||||||
| past participle | pesé /pə.ze/ | ||||||
| singular | plural | ||||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| indicative | je (j’) | tu | il, elle, on | nous | vous | ils, elles | |
| (simple tenses) |
present | pèse /pɛz/ |
pèses /pɛz/ |
pèse /pɛz/ |
pesons /pə.zɔ̃/ |
pesez /pə.ze/ |
pèsent /pɛz/ |
| imperfect | pesais /pə.zɛ/ |
pesais /pə.zɛ/ |
pesait /pə.zɛ/ |
pesions /pə.zjɔ̃/ |
pesiez /pə.zje/ |
pesaient /pə.zɛ/ | |
| past historic2 | pesai /pə.ze/ |
pesas /pə.za/ |
pesa /pə.za/ |
pesâmes /pə.zam/ |
pesâtes /pə.zat/ |
pesèrent /pə.zɛʁ/ | |
| future | pèserai /pɛz.ʁe/ |
pèseras /pɛz.ʁa/ |
pèsera /pɛz.ʁa/ |
pèserons /pɛz.ʁɔ̃/ |
pèserez /pɛz.ʁe/ |
pèseront /pɛz.ʁɔ̃/ | |
| conditional | pèserais /pɛz.ʁɛ/ |
pèserais /pɛz.ʁɛ/ |
pèserait /pɛz.ʁɛ/ |
pèserions /pɛ.zə.ʁjɔ̃/ or /pe.zə.ʁjɔ̃/ |
pèseriez /pɛ.zə.ʁje/ or /pe.zə.ʁje/ |
pèseraient /pɛz.ʁɛ/ | |
| (compound tenses) |
present perfect | present indicative of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect | imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| past anterior2 | past historic of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| future perfect | future of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| conditional perfect | conditional of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| subjunctive | que je (j’) | que tu | qu’il, qu’elle | que nous | que vous | qu’ils, qu’elles | |
| (simple tenses) |
present | pèse /pɛz/ |
pèses /pɛz/ |
pèse /pɛz/ |
pesions /pə.zjɔ̃/ |
pesiez /pə.zje/ |
pèsent /pɛz/ |
| imperfect2 | pesasse /pə.zas/ |
pesasses /pə.zas/ |
pesât /pə.za/ |
pesassions /pə.za.sjɔ̃/ |
pesassiez /pə.za.sje/ |
pesassent /pə.zas/ | |
| (compound tenses) |
past | present subjunctive of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect2 | imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| imperative | – | – | – | ||||
| simple | — | pèse /pɛz/ |
— | pesons /pə.zɔ̃/ |
pesez /pə.ze/ |
— | |
| compound | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | |
| 1 The French gerund is usable only with the preposition en. | |||||||
2 In less formal writing or speech, these tenses may be found to have been replaced in the following way:
(Christopher Kendris [1995], Master the Basics: French, pp. 77, 78, 79, 81). | |||||||
Further reading
- “peser”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.
Middle French
Alternative forms
Etymology
From Old French peser, see below.
Verb
peser
Conjugation
- Middle French conjugation varies from one text to another. Hence, the following conjugation should be considered as typical, not as exhaustive.
Conjugation of peser
| infinitive | simple | peser | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| compound | avoir + past participle | ||||||
| present participle1 or gerund2 | simple | pesant | |||||
| compound | present participle or gerund of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| past participle | pesé | ||||||
| singular | plural | ||||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| indicative | ie (i’) | tu | il, elle | nous | vous | ilz, elles | |
| (simple tenses) |
present | pese | peses | pese | pesons | pesez | pesent |
| imperfect | pesois, pesoys | pesois, pesoys | pesoit, pesoyt | pesions, pesyons | pesiez, pesyez | pesoient, pesoyent | |
| past historic | pesa | pesas | pesa | pesasmes | pesastes | peserent | |
| future | peserai, peseray | peseras | pesera | peserons | peserez | peseront | |
| conditional | peserois, peseroys | peserois, peseroys | peseroit, peseroyt | peserions, peseryons | peseriez, peseryez | peseroient, peseroyent | |
| (compound tenses) |
present perfect | present indicative of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect | imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| past anterior | past historic of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| future perfect | future of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| conditional perfect | conditional of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| subjunctive | que ie (i’) | que tu | qu’il, qu’elle | que nous | que vous | qu’ilz, qu’elles | |
| (simple tenses) |
present | pese | peses | pese | pesons | pesez | pesent |
| imperfect | pesasse | pesasses | pesast | pesassions | pesassiez | pesassent | |
| (compound tenses) |
past | present subjunctive of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect | imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| imperative | – | – | – | ||||
| simple | — | pese | — | pesons | pesez | — | |
| compound | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | |
| 1 The present participle was variable in gender and number until the 17th century (Anne Sancier-Château [1995], Une esthétique nouvelle: Honoré d'Urfé, correcteur de l'Astrée, p. 179). The French Academy would eventually declare it not to be declined in 1679. | |||||||
| 2 The gerund was held to be invariable by grammarians of the early 17th century, and was usable with preposition en, as in Modern French, although the preposition was not mandatory (Anne Sancier-Château [1995], op. cit., p. 180). | |||||||
Derived terms
References
- peser on Dictionnaire du Moyen Français (1330–1500) (in French)
- Godefroy, Frédéric, Dictionnaire de l'ancienne langue française et de tous ses dialectes du IXe au XVe siècle (1881) (peser, supplement)
Old French
Alternative forms
Conjugation
This verb conjugates as a first-group verb ending in -er. The forms that would normally end in *-ss, *-st are modified to s, st. This verb has a stressed present stem pois distinct from the unstressed stem pes. Old French conjugation varies significantly by date and by region. The following conjugation should be treated as a guide.
Conjugation of peser (see also Appendix:Old French verbs)
| simple | compound | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| infinitive | peser | avoir pesé | |||||
| gerund | en pesant | Use the gerund of avoir followed by the past participle | |||||
| present participle | pesant | ||||||
| past participle | pesé | ||||||
| person | singular | plural | |||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| indicative | jo | tu | il | nos | vos | il | |
| simple tenses |
present | pois | poises | poise | pesons | pesez | poisent |
| imperfect | pesoie, peseie, pesoe, peseve | pesoies, peseies, pesoes, peseves | pesoit, peseit, pesot, peseve | pesiiens, pesiens | pesiiez, pesiez | pesoient, peseient, pesoent, pesevent | |
| preterite | pesai | pesas | pesa | pesames | pesastes | peserent | |
| future | peserai | peseras | pesera | peserons | peseroiz, pesereiz, peserez | peseront | |
| conditional | peseroie, pesereie | peseroies, pesereies | peseroit, pesereit | peseriiens, peseriens | peseriiez, peseriez | peseroient, pesereient | |
| compound tenses |
present perfect | Use the present tense of avoir followed by the past participle | |||||
| pluperfect | Use the imperfect tense of avoir followed by the past participle | ||||||
| past anterior | Use the preterite tense of avoir followed by the past participle | ||||||
| future perfect | Use the future tense of avoir followed by the past participle | ||||||
| conditional perfect | Use the conditional tense of avoir followed by the past participle | ||||||
| subjunctive | que jo | que tu | qu’il | que nos | que vos | qu’il | |
| simple tenses |
present | pois | pois | poist | pesons | pesez | poisent |
| imperfect | pesasse | pesasses | pesast | pesissons, pesissiens | pesissoiz, pesissez, pesissiez | pesassent | |
| compound tenses |
past | Use the present subjunctive of avoir followed by the past participle | |||||
| pluperfect | Use the imperfect subjunctive of avoir followed by the past participle | ||||||
| imperative | – | tu | – | nos | vos | – | |
| — | poise | — | pesons | pesez | — | ||
Related terms
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