pakko
Finnish
Etymology
From Proto-Finnic *pakko. Cognate to Estonian pakk (“full”), Ingrian pakkootoz, Karelian pakko, Ludian pakottada, Veps pakutada and Votic pakko.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈpɑkːo/, [ˈpɑkːo̞]
- Rhymes: -ɑkːo
- Syllabification(key): pak‧ko
Noun
pakko
- obligation, force, necessity, compulsion
- (olla ~ + first infinitive) Expresses obligation; can be translated into English as must, have to, be obliged to, be forced to, be compelled to; the one who is compelled is put in the genitive case and the verb is always in the third-person singular.
- Minun on pakko ostaa auto.
- I have to buy a car.
- Onko sinun pakko?
- Do you have to?
- (in compounds) Expresses compulsion, use of force or influence of an external force.
- pakkohuutokauppa ― compulsory sale
- pakkokeino ― coercion
- pakkolasku ― forced landing
- pakkolunastus ― expropriation
- pakkoluovutus ― expropriation
- pakkomielle ― obsession
- pakkopaita ― straitjacket
- pakkoruotsi ― mandatory Swedish
- pakkotoimenpide ― act of force
- pakkotyö ― forced labour
Declension
| Inflection of pakko (Kotus type 1*A/valo, kk-k gradation) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | pakko | pakot | |
| genitive | pakon | pakkojen | |
| partitive | pakkoa | pakkoja | |
| illative | pakkoon | pakkoihin | |
| singular | plural | ||
| nominative | pakko | pakot | |
| accusative | nom. | pakko | pakot |
| gen. | pakon | ||
| genitive | pakon | pakkojen | |
| partitive | pakkoa | pakkoja | |
| inessive | pakossa | pakoissa | |
| elative | pakosta | pakoista | |
| illative | pakkoon | pakkoihin | |
| adessive | pakolla | pakoilla | |
| ablative | pakolta | pakoilta | |
| allative | pakolle | pakoille | |
| essive | pakkona | pakkoina | |
| translative | pakoksi | pakoiksi | |
| instructive | — | pakoin | |
| abessive | pakotta | pakoitta | |
| comitative | — | pakkoineen | |
| Possessive forms of pakko (type valo) | ||
|---|---|---|
| possessor | singular | plural |
| 1st person | pakkoni | pakkomme |
| 2nd person | pakkosi | pakkonne |
| 3rd person | pakkonsa | |
Synonyms
- (olla pakko): täytyä
Derived terms
Compounds
- keräilypakko
- kravattipakko
- kypäräpakko
- pakko-oire
- turvavyöpakko
Votic
Pronunciation
- (Luuditsa, Liivtšülä) IPA(key): /ˈpɑkːo/, [ˈpɑkːo]
- Rhymes: -ɑkːo
- Hyphenation: pak‧ko
Etymology 1
From Proto-Finnic *pakko.
Inflection
| Declension of pakko (type II/võrkko, kk-k gradation) | ||
|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | |
| nominative | pakko | pakod |
| genitive | pako | pakkoje, pakkojõ, pakkoi |
| partitive | pakkoa | pakkoitõ, pakkoi |
| illative | pakko, pakkosõ | pakkoje, pakkojõ, pakkoisõ |
| inessive | pakoz | pakkoiz |
| elative | pakossõ | pakkoissõ |
| allative | pakolõ | pakkoilõ |
| adessive | pakollõ | pakkoillõ |
| ablative | pakoltõ | pakkoiltõ |
| translative | pakossi | pakkoissi |
| *) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl) **) the terminative is formed by adding the suffix -ssaa to the short illative or the genitive. ***) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka to the genitive. | ||
Etymology 2
From Proto-Finnic *pakko.
References
- V. Hallap, E. Adler, S. Grünberg, M. Leppik (2012), “pakko”, in Vadja keele sõnaraamat [A dictionary of the Votic language], 2 edition, Tallinn
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