jalan
Balinese
Romanization
jalan
- Romanization of ᬚᬮᬦ᭄.
Banjarese
Etymology
From Proto-Malayic *jalan, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *zalan, from Proto-Austronesian *zalan.
Finnish
Etymology
Instructive singular form of jalka (“foot”).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈjɑlɑn/, [ˈjɑlɑn]
- Rhymes: -ɑlɑn
- Syllabification(key): ja‧lan
Indonesian
Alternative forms
- djalan (van Ophuijsen (1901–1947), Republik/Soewandi (1947–1972))
Etymology
From Malay jalan, from Classical Malay jalan, from Proto-Malayic *jalan, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *zalan, from Proto-Austronesian *zalan. Doublet of jalang.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /dʒa.lan/
- Rhymes: -an
Noun
jalan (first-person possessive jalanku, second-person possessive jalanmu, third-person possessive jalannya)
- A physical way (a road, trail, etc) used for traffic (by pedestrians, vehicles, etc); path; road; track
- (astronomy) orbit: a circular or elliptical path of a celestial object or spacecraft around a star, planet, or moon, especially a periodic elliptical revolution.
- chance: an opportunity or possibility
- Synonyms: kans, kesempatan, peluang
Conjugation
| Conjugation of jalan (ber-, intransitive) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Root | jalan | ||||
| Active | Involuntary | Passive | Imperative | Jussive | |
| Active | berjalan | – | – | jalan | jalanlah |
| Locative | menjalani | terjalani | dijalani | jalani | jalanilah |
| Causative / Applicative1 | menjalankan | terjalankan | dijalankan | jalankan | jalankanlah |
| Causative | |||||
| Locative | – | – | – | – | – |
| Causative / Applicative1 | – | – | – | – | – |
| 1The -kan row is either causative or applicative, with transitive roots it mostly has applicative meaning. Notes: Some of these forms do normally not exist or are rarely used in standard Indonesian. Some forms may also change meaning. | |||||
Synonyms
Derived terms
- berjalan-jalan (“to take a walk”)
- berjalan (“to walk”)
- jalanan (“street”)
- jalan-jalan (“to go for a stroll”)
- kesejalanan
- menjalani (“to walk on; to undergo, to endure; to go through a period of your life”)
- menjalankan (“to drive, to operate; to start, to put into operation; to carry out, to perform”)
- pejalan
- perjalanan
- sejalan (“parallel, to be in accordance with”)
- jalan air
- jalan air internasional
- jalan alternatif
- jalan angan-angan
- jalan angin
- jalan arteri
- jalan bahasa
- jalan bebas
- jalan bebas hambatan
- jalan bebas purata
- jalan belakang
- jalan bentar
- jalan besar
- jalan buntu
- jalan butulan
- jalan cepat
- jalan damai
- jalan darat
- jalan gelap
- jalan hidup
- jalan kabupaten
- jalan kaki
- jalan keluar
- jalan kerucut
- jalan kolektor
- jalan kompromi
- jalan kota
- jalan layang
- jalan layang nontol
- jalan lepas
- jalan lingkar
- jalan lingkungan
- jalan lintas pemandangan satwa liar
- jalan lokal
- jalan lurus
- jalan masuk
- jalan masuk panggung
- jalan mati
- jalan memintas
- jalan naik
- jalan napas
- jalan nasional
- jalan parkir udara
- jalan pedalaman
- jalan pendekat
- jalan pikiran
- jalan pintas
- jalan protokol
- jalan provinsi
- jalan raya
- jalan salib
- jalan samping
- jalan serong
- jalan setapak
- jalan simpang
- jalan simpang susun
- jalan sutra
- jalan tembus
- jalan tengah
- jalan terang
- jalan terbuka
- jalan tikus
- jalan tol
- jalan udara
- jalan umum
- jalan utama
- selamat jalan (“bon voyage”)
Further reading
- “jalan” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Language Development and Fostering Agency — Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic Indonesia, 2016.
Javanese
Romanization
jalan
- Romanization of ꦗꦭꦤ꧀.
Malay
jalan
Etymology
First attested in the Kedukan Bukit inscription, 683AD. From Proto-Malayic *jalan, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *zalan, from Proto-Austronesian *zalan.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /d͡ʒalan/
- Rhymes: -alan, -lan, -an
Audio (MY) (file)
Noun
jalan (Jawi spelling جالن, plural jalan-jalan, informal 1st possessive jalanku, 2nd possessive jalanmu, 3rd possessive jalannya)
Derived terms
Affixed terms and other derivations
Regular affixed derivations:
- penjalan [agentive / qualitative / instrumental / abstract / measure] (peN-)
- jalanan (“street”) [resultative / locative / collective / variety / verbal noun / fruit] (-an)
- jalan-jalan (“to go for a stroll”) [reduplication] (redup)
- berjalan-jalan (“to talk a walk”) [reduplication + stative / habitual] (redup + beR-)
- sejalan (“parallel, to be in accordance with”) [comparability] (se-)
- perjalan [causative passive] (peR-)
- perjalanan [causative passive + resultative / locative / collective / variety / verbal noun / fruit] (peR- + -an)
- jalankan [causative benefactive] (-kan)
- jalani [causative (locative) benefactive] (-i)
- menjalankan (“to drive, to operate; to start, to put into operation; to carry out, to perform”) [agent focus + causative benefactive] (meN- + -kan)
- menjalani (“to walk on; to undergo, to endure; to go through a period of your life”) [agent focus + causative (locative) benefactive] (meN- + -i)
- berjalan (“to walk”) [stative / habitual] (beR-)
References
- Wilkinson, Richard James (1901), “جالن jalan”, in A Malay-English dictionary, Hong Kong: Kelly & Walsh limited, page 216
- Wilkinson, Richard James (1932), “jalan”, in A Malay-English dictionary (romanised), volume I, Mytilene, Greece: Salavopoulos & Kinderlis, page 438
Further reading
- “jalan” in Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu | Malay Literary Reference Centre, Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2017.
Serbo-Croatian
Etymology 1
Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish یالان (yalan, “lie”).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /jǎlaːn/
- Hyphenation: ja‧lan
Etymology 2
Denominal from the noun jàlān (“lie, deceit; forgery”).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /jǎlaːn/
- Hyphenation: ja‧lan
Declension
indefinite forms
| singular | masculine | feminine | neuter | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | jalan | jalna | jalno | |
| genitive | jalna | jalne | jalna | |
| dative | jalnu | jalnoj | jalnu | |
| accusative | inanimate animate |
jalan jalna |
jalnu | jalno |
| vocative | jalan | jalna | jalno | |
| locative | jalnu | jalnoj | jalnu | |
| instrumental | jalnim | jalnom | jalnim | |
| plural | masculine | feminine | neuter | |
| nominative | jalni | jalne | jalna | |
| genitive | jalnih | jalnih | jalnih | |
| dative | jalnim(a) | jalnim(a) | jalnim(a) | |
| accusative | jalne | jalne | jalna | |
| vocative | jalni | jalne | jalna | |
| locative | jalnim(a) | jalnim(a) | jalnim(a) | |
| instrumental | jalnim(a) | jalnim(a) | jalnim(a) | |
definite forms
| singular | masculine | feminine | neuter | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | jalni | jalna | jalno | |
| genitive | jalnog(a) | jalne | jalnog(a) | |
| dative | jalnom(u/e) | jalnoj | jalnom(u/e) | |
| accusative | inanimate animate |
jalni jalnog(a) |
jalnu | jalno |
| vocative | jalni | jalna | jalno | |
| locative | jalnom(e/u) | jalnoj | jalnom(e/u) | |
| instrumental | jalnim | jalnom | jalnim | |
| plural | masculine | feminine | neuter | |
| nominative | jalni | jalne | jalna | |
| genitive | jalnih | jalnih | jalnih | |
| dative | jalnim(a) | jalnim(a) | jalnim(a) | |
| accusative | jalne | jalne | jalna | |
| vocative | jalni | jalne | jalna | |
| locative | jalnim(a) | jalnim(a) | jalnim(a) | |
| instrumental | jalnim(a) | jalnim(a) | jalnim(a) | |
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /jǎːlan/
- Hyphenation: ja‧lan
Declension
indefinite forms
| singular | masculine | feminine | neuter | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | jalan | jalna | jalno | |
| genitive | jalna | jalne | jalna | |
| dative | jalnu | jalnoj | jalnu | |
| accusative | inanimate animate |
jalan jalna |
jalnu | jalno |
| vocative | jalan | jalna | jalno | |
| locative | jalnu | jalnoj | jalnu | |
| instrumental | jalnim | jalnom | jalnim | |
| plural | masculine | feminine | neuter | |
| nominative | jalni | jalne | jalna | |
| genitive | jalnih | jalnih | jalnih | |
| dative | jalnim(a) | jalnim(a) | jalnim(a) | |
| accusative | jalne | jalne | jalna | |
| vocative | jalni | jalne | jalna | |
| locative | jalnim(a) | jalnim(a) | jalnim(a) | |
| instrumental | jalnim(a) | jalnim(a) | jalnim(a) | |
definite forms
| singular | masculine | feminine | neuter | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | jalni | jalna | jalno | |
| genitive | jalnog(a) | jalne | jalnog(a) | |
| dative | jalnom(u/e) | jalnoj | jalnom(u/e) | |
| accusative | inanimate animate |
jalni jalnog(a) |
jalnu | jalno |
| vocative | jalni | jalna | jalno | |
| locative | jalnom(e/u) | jalnoj | jalnom(e/u) | |
| instrumental | jalnim | jalnom | jalnim | |
| plural | masculine | feminine | neuter | |
| nominative | jalni | jalne | jalna | |
| genitive | jalnih | jalnih | jalnih | |
| dative | jalnim(a) | jalnim(a) | jalnim(a) | |
| accusative | jalne | jalne | jalna | |
| vocative | jalni | jalne | jalna | |
| locative | jalnim(a) | jalnim(a) | jalnim(a) | |
| instrumental | jalnim(a) | jalnim(a) | jalnim(a) | |
Spanish
Sundanese
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