espier

English

Etymology

espy +‎ -er

Noun

espier (plural espiers)

  1. One who espies.
    • 1885, Edward Bouverie Pusey, The Minor Prophets […] :
      but would himself be a seer, an espier of future events

References
  • espier in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, G. & C. Merriam, 1913

Anagrams

Middle French

Verb

espier

  1. to watch

Conjugation
  • Middle French conjugation varies from one text to another. Hence, the following conjugation should be considered as typical, not as exhaustive.
Conjugation of espier
infinitive simple espier
compound avoir + past participle
present participle1 or gerund2 simple espiant
compound present participle or gerund of avoir + past participle
past participle espié
singular plural
first second third first second third
indicative ie (i’) tu il, elle nous vous ilz, elles
(simple
tenses)		 present espie espies espie espions espiez espient
imperfect espiois, espioys espiois, espioys espioit, espioyt espiions, espiyons espiiez, espiyez espioient, espioyent
past historic espia espias espia espiasmes espiastes espierent
future espierai, espieray espieras espiera espierons espierez espieront
conditional espierois, espieroys espierois, espieroys espieroit, espieroyt espierions, espieryons espieriez, espieryez espieroient, espieroyent
(compound
tenses)		 present perfect present indicative of avoir + past participle
pluperfect imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle
past anterior past historic of avoir + past participle
future perfect future of avoir + past participle
conditional perfect conditional of avoir + past participle
subjunctive que ie (i’) que tu qu’il, qu’elle que nous que vous qu’ilz, qu’elles
(simple
tenses)		 present espie espies espie espions espiez espient
imperfect espiasse espiasses espiast espiassions espiassiez espiassent
(compound
tenses)		 past present subjunctive of avoir + past participle
pluperfect imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle
imperative – tu – nous vous –
simple — espie — espions espiez —
compound — simple imperative of avoir + past participle — simple imperative of avoir + past participle simple imperative of avoir + past participle —
1 The present participle was variable in gender and number until the 17th century (Anne Sancier-Château [1995], Une esthétique nouvelle: Honoré d'Urfé, correcteur de l'Astrée, p. 179). The French Academy would eventually declare it not to be declined in 1679.
2 The gerund was held to be invariable by grammarians of the early 17th century, and was usable with preposition en, as in Modern French, although the preposition was not mandatory (Anne Sancier-Château [1995], op. cit., p. 180).

Old French

Alternative forms

Etymology

From Vulgar Latin *spiō (“to spy, espy”), from Frankish *spehōn (“to spy, watch”).

Verb

espier

  1. to watch

Conjugation

This verb conjugates as a first-group verb ending in -er. Old French conjugation varies significantly by date and by region. The following conjugation should be treated as a guide.

    Conjugation of espier (see also Appendix:Old French verbs)
simple compound
infinitive espier avoir espïé
gerund en espiant Use the gerund of avoir followed by the past participle
present participle espiant
past participle espïé
person singular plural
first second third first second third
indicative jo tu il nos vos il
simple
tenses		 present espi espïes espïe espions espïez espïent
imperfect espioie, espïeie, espioe, espïeve espioies, espïeies, espioes, espïeves espioit, espïeit, espiot, espïeve espiiiens, espiiens espiiiez, espiiez espioient, espïeient, espioent, espïevent
preterite espiai espias espia espiames espiastes espïerent
future espïerai espïeras espïera espïerons espïeroiz, espïereiz, espïerez espïeront
conditional espïeroie, espïereie espïeroies, espïereies espïeroit, espïereit espïeriiens, espïeriens espïeriiez, espïeriez espïeroient, espïereient
compound
tenses		 present perfect Use the present tense of avoir followed by the past participle
pluperfect Use the imperfect tense of avoir followed by the past participle
past anterior Use the preterite tense of avoir followed by the past participle
future perfect Use the future tense of avoir followed by the past participle
conditional perfect Use the conditional tense of avoir followed by the past participle
subjunctive que jo que tu qu’il que nos que vos qu’il
simple
tenses		 present espi espis espit espions espïez espïent
imperfect espiasse espiasses espiast espiissons, espiissiens espiissoiz, espiissez, espiissiez espiassent
compound
tenses		 past Use the present subjunctive of avoir followed by the past participle
pluperfect Use the imperfect subjunctive of avoir followed by the past participle
imperative – tu – nos vos –
— espïe — espions espïez —

Synonyms

Descendants
  • Angevin: échaupier
  • Bourbonnais-Berrichon: épiger (Berrichon, Bourbonnais)
  • Middle French: espier
    • French: épier
      • Haitian Creole: espyon
  • Lorrain: h'pié, khpiyé, khpwé
  • Norman: êpier
  • Picard: èpieu (Athois)
  • Walloon: spwè
  • → Middle English: aspien, aspyen, espien, espyen, spien
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