ciseler
French
Etymology
From Old French cisel (“pair of scissors”) + -er.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /siz.le/
audio (file)
Conjugation
This verb is conjugated mostly like the regular -er verbs (parler and chanter and so on), but the -e- /ə/ of the second-to-last syllable becomes -è- /ɛ/ when the next vowel is a silent or schwa -e-. For example, in the third-person singular present indicative, we have il cisèle rather than *il cisele. Other verbs conjugated this way include lever and mener. Related but distinct conjugations include those of appeler and préférer.
Conjugation of ciseler (see also Appendix:French verbs)
| infinitive | simple | ciseler | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| compound | avoir + past participle | ||||||
| present participle or gerund1 | simple | ciselant /siz.lɑ̃/ | |||||
| compound | ayant + past participle | ||||||
| past participle | ciselé /siz.le/ | ||||||
| singular | plural | ||||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| indicative | je (j’) | tu | il, elle, on | nous | vous | ils, elles | |
| (simple tenses) |
present | cisèle /si.zɛl/ |
cisèles /si.zɛl/ |
cisèle /si.zɛl/ |
ciselons /siz.lɔ̃/ |
ciselez /siz.le/ |
cisèlent /si.zɛl/ |
| imperfect | ciselais /siz.lɛ/ |
ciselais /siz.lɛ/ |
ciselait /siz.lɛ/ |
ciselions /si.zə.ljɔ̃/ |
ciseliez /si.zə.lje/ |
ciselaient /siz.lɛ/ | |
| past historic2 | ciselai /siz.le/ |
ciselas /siz.la/ |
cisela /siz.la/ |
ciselâmes /siz.lam/ |
ciselâtes /siz.lat/ |
ciselèrent /siz.lɛʁ/ | |
| future | cisèlerai /si.zɛl.ʁe/ |
cisèleras /si.zɛl.ʁa/ |
cisèlera /si.zɛl.ʁa/ |
cisèlerons /si.zɛl.ʁɔ̃/ |
cisèlerez /si.zɛl.ʁe/ |
cisèleront /si.zɛl.ʁɔ̃/ | |
| conditional | cisèlerais /si.zɛl.ʁɛ/ |
cisèlerais /si.zɛl.ʁɛ/ |
cisèlerait /si.zɛl.ʁɛ/ |
cisèlerions /si.zɛ.lə.ʁjɔ̃/ or /si.ze.lə.ʁjɔ̃/ |
cisèleriez /si.zɛ.lə.ʁje/ or /si.ze.lə.ʁje/ |
cisèleraient /si.zɛl.ʁɛ/ | |
| (compound tenses) |
present perfect | present indicative of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect | imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| past anterior2 | past historic of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| future perfect | future of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| conditional perfect | conditional of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| subjunctive | que je (j’) | que tu | qu’il, qu’elle | que nous | que vous | qu’ils, qu’elles | |
| (simple tenses) |
present | cisèle /si.zɛl/ |
cisèles /si.zɛl/ |
cisèle /si.zɛl/ |
ciselions /si.zə.ljɔ̃/ |
ciseliez /si.zə.lje/ |
cisèlent /si.zɛl/ |
| imperfect2 | ciselasse /siz.las/ |
ciselasses /siz.las/ |
ciselât /siz.la/ |
ciselassions /siz.la.sjɔ̃/ |
ciselassiez /siz.la.sje/ |
ciselassent /siz.las/ | |
| (compound tenses) |
past | present subjunctive of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect2 | imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| imperative | – | – | – | ||||
| simple | — | cisèle /si.zɛl/ |
— | ciselons /siz.lɔ̃/ |
ciselez /siz.le/ |
— | |
| compound | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | |
| 1 The French gerund is usable only with the preposition en. | |||||||
2 In less formal writing or speech, these tenses may be found to have been replaced in the following way:
(Christopher Kendris [1995], Master the Basics: French, pp. 77, 78, 79, 81). | |||||||
Descendants
- → Romanian: cizela
Further reading
- “ciseler”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.
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