Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/toprak

Proto-Turkic

Etymology

From Proto-Turkic *topra- (“to turn into dust, dry out”) +‎ *-k.

Noun

*toprak

earth, soil

Declension

Declension of *toprak

	Singular ³⁾
Nominative	*toprak
Accusative	topraknï, topraknïg ¹⁾
Genitive	*topraknïŋ
Dative	*toprakka
Locative	*toprakda
Ablative	*toprakdan
Instrumental ²⁾	*toprakïn

¹⁾ Found in early Proto-Turkic.
²⁾ The original instrumental case has fallen into disuse in many Turkic languages.
³⁾ Plurality is disputed in Proto-Turkic. See also the notes on the Proto-Turkic/Locative-ablative case and plurality page in Wikibooks.

Descendants

Oghur:
- Chuvash: тӑпра (tăpra)
Common Turkic:

Oghuz:
- Old Anatolian Turkish: [Term?]
  - Azerbaijani: torpaq
  - Ottoman Turkish: طپراق‎
    - Turkish: toprak
  - Gagauz: toprak
- East Oghuz:
  - Turkmen: toprak
Karluk:
- Uzbek: tuproq
- Uyghur: تۇپراق‎ (tupraq)

Kipchak:
- North Kipchak
  - Bashkir: тупраҡ (tupraq)
  - Tatar: туфрак (tufraq)
- West Kipchak:
  - Crimean Tatar: topraq
  - Karachay-Balkar: топракъ (topraq)
- South Kipchak:
  - Kazakh: топырақ (topıraq)
- East Kipchak:
  - Kyrgyz: топурак (topuraq)
  - Southern Altai: тобрак (tobrak)

Siberian:
- North Siberian:
  - Yakut: тобурах (toburax)
- South Siberian:
  - Sayan Turkic:
    - Tuvan: довурак (dovurak)
  - Yenisei Turkic:
    - Khakas: тобырах (tobırax)
    - Shor: тобрақ

References

Starostin, Sergei; Dybo, Anna; Mudrak, Oleg (2003), “*topra-k”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill

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