Reconstruction:Proto-Turkic/kopuŕ

This Proto-Turkic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Turkic

Alternative forms

*komuŕ (Some authorities reconstruct *komuŕ as a separate root meaning "music" that was later merged in the descendant languages)

Noun

*kopuŕ

a kind of lute

Declension

Declension of *kopuŕ

	Singular ³⁾
Nominative	*kopuŕ
Accusative	kopuŕnu, kopuŕnug ¹⁾
Genitive	*kopuŕnuŋ
Dative	*kopuŕka
Locative	*kopuŕta
Ablative	*kopuŕtan
Instrumental ²⁾	*kopuŕun
Equative ²⁾	*kopuŕča

¹⁾ Found in early Proto-Turkic.
²⁾ The original instrumental and equative cases have fallen into disuse in many Turkic languages.
³⁾ Plurality is disputed in Proto-Turkic. See also the notes on the Proto-Turkic/Locative-ablative case and plurality page in Wikibooks.

Descendants

→? Manchu: ᡴᡠᠮᡠᠨ (kumun, “music”)
Oghur:
→? Proto-Mongolic: *kuxur
- Buryat: хуур (xuur)
- Daur: koor
- East Yugur: xuur
- Kalmyk: хуур (huur), хур (hur)
- Mongolian: ᠬᠤᠭᠤᠷ (quɣur)
  - Khalkha Mongolian: хуур (xuur)
  - → Chinese: 胡兀兒
- → Evenki: кӯр (kūr) (Nerchinsk)
- →? Jurchen: qūr
- (from *quxurci)→ قهورچی‎ (quhūrchī, “fiddler”) (obsolete)
Common Turkic:

Oghuz:
- Old Anatolian Turkish:
  - Azerbaijani: qopuz
  - Ottoman Turkish: قوپوز‎ (kopuz, “a lute with a somewhat globular body”)
    - Turkish: kopuz
- Turkmen: gopuz (“mouth harp”)
Karluk:
- Karakhanid: قُبُز‎ (qopuz)
  - Khorezmian Turkic: [script needed] (kopuz)
    - Chagatai: [script needed] (kobuz)
      - Uyghur: قوۋۇز‎ (qowuz)
      - Uzbek: qoʻbiz
Kipchak:
- Cuman:
  - → Hungarian: koboz
- North Kipchak:
  - Bashkir: ҡумыҙ (qumıð), ҡубыҙ (qubıð)
  - Tatar: кубыз (qubız)
    - → Chuvash: купӑс (kup̬ăs), копӑс (kop̬ăs)
    - → Eastern Mari: ковыж (kovyž)
- West Kipchak:
  - Crimean Tatar: qomuz
  - Karachay-Balkar: къобуз (qobuz)
  - Karaim: qobuz
  - Kumyk: къомуз (qomuz)
  - Urum: хобуз
- South Kipchak:
  - Caspian:
    - Karakalpak: qobız
    - Kazakh: қобыз (qobyz)
    - Nogai: кобыз (kobız)
  - Kyrgyz-Kipchak:
    - Kyrgyz: кобуз (kobuz), комуз (komuz)
      - → English: komuz
    - Southern Altai: комус (komus)
Siberian:
- Old Uyghur: [script needed] (qopūz, qopuz)
  - Western Yugur: qoŋïs
- North Siberian:
  - Yakut: хомус (xomus)
    - → Evenki: камус (kamus) (Uchur)
    - → Chuvash: купӑс (kup̬ăs)
- South Siberian:
  - Northern Altai: кобыс (kobïs), комыс (komïs) (in Chelkan)
  - Sayan Turkic:
    - Tofa: һобус (“music”)
    - Tuvan: хомус (xomus)
→ Chinese: 火不思 (huǒbùsī)
East Slavic:
- → Belarusian: ко́бза (kóbza)
- → Russian: ко́бза (kóbza)
- → Rusyn: ко́бза (kóbza)
- → Ukrainian: ко́бза (kóbza)
  - → English: kobza
  - → Polish: kobza
  - → Romanian: cobză
    - → English: cobza
  - → Slovak: kobza
→ Persian: قوبوز‎ (qōbūz)
→ Lak: къумуз (q:umuz)

References

Doerfer, Gerhard (1967) Türkische und mongolische Elemente im Neupersischen [Turkic and Mongolian Elements in New Persian] (Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur: Veröffentlichungen der Orientalischen Kommission; 20)‎ (in German), volume 3, Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag, § 1546, page 535
Clauson, Gerard (1972), “kopuz”, in An Etymological Dictionary of pre-thirteenth-century Turkish, Oxford: Clarendon Press, page 588
Levitskaja, L. S.; Dybo, A. V.; Rassadin, V. I. (2000) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ tjurkskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Turkic Languages]‎ (in Russian), volume 6, Moscow: Indrik, page 68
Starostin, Sergei; Dybo, Anna; Mudrak, Oleg (2003), “*Kopuŕ”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8), Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill
M. R. Fedotov (1996) Этимологический словарь чувашского языка. В 2-х тт.(Etymological dictionary of the Chuvash language. 2 Volumes) (In Russian), volume 1, Cheboksary: Chuvash publishing company, Page 309

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