Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/divъ

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology 1

Per Derksen, cognate with Sanskrit धी (dhī, “thought, prayer”), suggesting Proto-Indo-European *dʰeyH-uo-, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeyh₂- (“mind, thought”).
Per Słownik prasłowiański and Boryś, deverbal from *diviti; relation with Sanskrit धी is unlikely.

Noun

*divъ m[1][2][3][4]

admiration, delight, astonishment
that which causes delight; wonder, miracle

Declension

Declension of *divъ (hard o-stem)

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*divъ	*diva	*divi
Accusative	*divъ	*diva	*divy
Genitive	*diva	*divu	*divъ
Locative	*divě	*divu	*divěxъ
Dative	*divu	*divoma	*divomъ
Instrumental	divъmь, divomь^*	*divoma	*divy
Vocative	*dive	*diva	*divi

^* -ъmь in North Slavic, -omь in South Slavic.

Derived terms

*divovati
*divověďa
*divoviďa

Related terms

*divadlo
*divьnъ
*divo

Descendants

East Slavic:
- Old East Slavic: дивъ (divŭ)
  - Belarusian: див (div) (dialectal)
    - → Lithuanian: dỹvas
  - Ukrainian: див (dyv) (rare)
  - Russian: див (div) (archaic or dialectal)
South Slavic:
- Old Church Slavonic: дивъ (divŭ)
West Slavic:
- Old Czech: div
  - Czech: div
- Old Polish: dziw
  - Polish: dziw
- Slovak: div
- Slovincian: ʒḯv
- Sorbian:
  - Lower Sorbian: źiw
  - Upper Sorbian: dźiw

References

Sławski, Franciszek, editor (1979), “divъ 2”, in Słownik prasłowiański [Proto-Slavic Dictionary] (in Polish), volume 3 (davьnъ – dobirati sę), Wrocław: National Ossoliński Institute, →ISBN, page 226
Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1978), “*divъ”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological Dictionary of Slavic Languages] (in Russian), issue 5 (*dělo – *dьržьlь), Moscow: Nauka, page 35
Boryś, Wiesław (2005), “dziw”, in Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego (in Polish), Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie, →ISBN, pages 146
Derksen, Rick (2008), “*divъ I”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 108

Etymology 2

Unclear. The material is poorly attested:

South Slavic descendants cannot be distinguished from the mythical being Ottoman Turkish دیو‎ (div), adopted into South Slavic folklore during the Ottoman reign;
Polish dziw is attested since 1845.

Either derived from Etymology 1 or reflecting a demonized Early Slavic celestial deity with the following evolution Proto-Indo-European *dyḗws (“sky god”) (later thematized as o-stem *deywós) > Proto-Balto-Slavic *deiwás > Early Slavic *dīvŭ > Late Slavic *divъ. The demonization was to come under Iranian influence, where the old Iranian theonyms were demonized after the adoption of Zoroastrianism (compare Sanskrit देव (deva, “god”) : Avestan 𐬛𐬀𐬉𐬎𐬎𐬀‎ (daēuua, “demon”)).

Noun

*divъ m (feminine *diva, adjective *divьskъ)[1][2]

daemon (evil spirit)

Declension

Declension of *divъ (hard o-stem)

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*divъ	*diva	*divi
Accusative	*divъ	*diva	*divy
Genitive	*diva	*divu	*divъ
Locative	*divě	*divu	*divěxъ
Dative	*divu	*divoma	*divomъ
Instrumental	divъmь, divomь^*	*divoma	*divy
Vocative	*dive	*diva	*divi

^* -ъmь in North Slavic, -omь in South Slavic.

Descendants

East Slavic:
- Old East Slavic: дивъ (divŭ)
  - Ukrainian: див (dyv) (rare)
  - Russian: див (div) (archaic or dialectal)
South Slavic:
- >? Bulgarian: див (div)
- >? Macedonian: див (div)
- >? Serbo-Croatian:
  Latin: dȉv
  
  Cyrillic: ди̏в
West Slavic:
- >? Polish: dziw

References

Sławski, Franciszek, editor (1979), “divъ 1”, in Słownik prasłowiański [Proto-Slavic Dictionary] (in Polish), volume 3 (davьnъ – dobirati sę), Wrocław: National Ossoliński Institute, →ISBN, page 225
Snoj, Marko (2016), “diven”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar³ (in Slovene), https://fran.si: “iz *divъ̏ (ali *dȋvъ) ‛čudež, čudo, demon’”

Etymology 3

From *diviti, related to Etymology 1.

Adjective

*divъ[1]

delightful, astonishing, unusual

Declension

Indefinite declension of *divъ (hard)

Singular	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	*divъ	*diva	*divo
Accusative	*divъ	*divǫ	*divo
Genitive	*diva	*divy	*diva
Locative	*divě	*divě	*divě
Dative	*divu	*divě	*divu
Instrumental	*divomь	*divojǫ	*divomь
Vocative	*dive	*divo	*divo
Dual	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	*diva	*divě	*divě
Accusative	*diva	*divě	*divě
Genitive	*divu	*divu	*divu
Locative	*divu	*divu	*divu
Dative	*divoma	*divama	*divoma
Instrumental	*divoma	*divama	*divoma
Vocative	*diva	*divě	*divě
Plural	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	*divi	*divy	*diva
Accusative	*divy	*divy	*diva
Genitive	*divъ	*divъ	*divъ
Locative	*divěxъ	*divaxъ	*divěxъ
Dative	*divomъ	*divamъ	*divomъ
Instrumental	*divy	*divami	*divy
Vocative	*divi	*divy	*diva

Definite declension of *divъ (hard)

Singular	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	*divъjь	*divaja	*divoje
Accusative	*divъjь	*divǫjǫ	*divoje
Genitive	*divajego	*divyję	*divajego
Locative	*divějemь	*divěji	*divějemь
Dative	*divujemu	*divěji	*divujemu
Instrumental	*divyjimi	*divǫjǫ	*divyjimi
Vocative	*divъjь	*divaja	*divoje
Dual	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	*divaja	*divěji	*divěji
Accusative	*divaja	*divěji	*divěji
Genitive	*divuju	*divuju	*divuju
Locative	*divuju	*divuju	*divuju
Dative	*divyjima	*divyjima	*divyjima
Instrumental	*divyjima	*divyjima	*divyjima
Vocative	*divaja	*divěji	*divěji
Plural	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	*diviji	*divyję	*divaja
Accusative	*divyję	*divyję	*divaja
Genitive	*divъjixъ	*divъjixъ	*divъjixъ
Locative	*divyjixъ	*divyjixъ	*divyjixъ
Dative	*divyjimъ	*divyjimъ	*divyjimъ
Instrumental	*divyjimi	*divyjimi	*divyjimi
Vocative	*diviji	*divyję	*divaja

Derived terms

*divakъ
*divota

Related terms

*divьnъ

Descendants

East Slavic:
- Old East Slavic: дивии (divij)
  - Belarusian: дзивый (dzivyj) (dialectal)
  - Russian: ди́вый (dívyj) (dialectal)
South Slavic:
- ⇒ Bulgarian: див огън (div ogǎn, “fire”)
- Serbo-Croatian:
  Cyrillic: див
  
  Latin: div
  - ⇒ Latin: dívlji oganj, dìvljā vatra
- Slovene: dívji
  - ⇒ Slovene: dívji mož (“faun, satyr”), dívji ogenj (“fire”)
West Slavic:
- Czech: divý
  - ⇒ Czech: divý muž m (“faun”), divá žena f (“rusalka”), divoženka f (“rusalka”)
- Polish: dziwy (rare)
- ⇒ Slovak: divý muž m (“mythical creature”), divá žienka f (“mythical creature”)

References

Sławski, Franciszek, editor (1979), “divъ 3”, in Słownik prasłowiański [Proto-Slavic Dictionary] (in Polish), volume 3 (davьnъ – dobirati sę), Wrocław: National Ossoliński Institute, →ISBN, page 227

Etymology 4

Conflation of *di(kъ) (“wild”) + *-vъ and *divъ (“daemon”) +‎ *-ьjь.

Adjective

divъ or divьjь[1][2][3][4]

natural, intact, wild
Synonym: *dikъ
feral, wild (about animals or plants)
*divъ zvě̑rь ― wild animal

*divъ veprь ― wild boar

*diva svinьja ― wild pig

*diva koza ― wild goat; roe deer

*divъ golǫbь ― wild pigeon

*diva gǫ̑sь ― wild goose

*diva bьčela ― wild bee

*divo zelьje ― wild herb

*divъ mȅdъ ― forest honey
empty, unpopulated, uncultivated (about land)
(figuratively) savage, fierce, unrestrained, outrageous, barbarous (about people or behaviour)

Declension

Indefinite declension of *divъ (hard)

Singular	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	*divъ	*diva	*divo
Accusative	*divъ	*divǫ	*divo
Genitive	*diva	*divy	*diva
Locative	*divě	*divě	*divě
Dative	*divu	*divě	*divu
Instrumental	*divomь	*divojǫ	*divomь
Vocative	*dive	*divo	*divo
Dual	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	*diva	*divě	*divě
Accusative	*diva	*divě	*divě
Genitive	*divu	*divu	*divu
Locative	*divu	*divu	*divu
Dative	*divoma	*divama	*divoma
Instrumental	*divoma	*divama	*divoma
Vocative	*diva	*divě	*divě
Plural	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	*divi	*divy	*diva
Accusative	*divy	*divy	*diva
Genitive	*divъ	*divъ	*divъ
Locative	*divěxъ	*divaxъ	*divěxъ
Dative	*divomъ	*divamъ	*divomъ
Instrumental	*divy	*divami	*divy
Vocative	*divi	*divy	*diva

Definite declension of *divъ (hard)

Singular	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	*divъjь	*divaja	*divoje
Accusative	*divъjь	*divǫjǫ	*divoje
Genitive	*divajego	*divyję	*divajego
Locative	*divějemь	*divěji	*divějemь
Dative	*divujemu	*divěji	*divujemu
Instrumental	*divyjimi	*divǫjǫ	*divyjimi
Vocative	*divъjь	*divaja	*divoje
Dual	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	*divaja	*divěji	*divěji
Accusative	*divaja	*divěji	*divěji
Genitive	*divuju	*divuju	*divuju
Locative	*divuju	*divuju	*divuju
Dative	*divyjima	*divyjima	*divyjima
Instrumental	*divyjima	*divyjima	*divyjima
Vocative	*divaja	*divěji	*divěji
Plural	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	*diviji	*divyję	*divaja
Accusative	*divyję	*divyję	*divaja
Genitive	*divъjixъ	*divъjixъ	*divъjixъ
Locative	*divyjixъ	*divyjixъ	*divyjixъ
Dative	*divyjimъ	*divyjimъ	*divyjimъ
Instrumental	*divyjimi	*divyjimi	*divyjimi
Vocative	*diviji	*divyję	*divaja

Derived terms

*divakъ
*divěti
*divica
*divina
*diviti
*divizna
*divьjati
*divьjestь
*divostь
*divota

Related terms

*divьjačь
*divьjadь
*divьnъ

Descendants

*divъ:

East Slavic:
- Old Ruthenian: дивый (divyj)
South Slavic:
- Bulgarian: див (div)
- Macedonian: див (div)
- Serbo-Croatian:
  Cyrillic: ди̏в
  
  Latin: dȉv
West Slavic:
- Czech: divý
- Kashubian: dzëwi
- Polabian: dai̯vĕ
- Polish: dziwy (obsolete)
- Slovak: divý
- Sorbian:
  - Lower Sorbian: źiwy
  - Upper Sorbian: dźiwi (dialectal)

*divьjь:

East Slavic:
- Old East Slavic: дивии (divij)
  - Ukrainian: дівіи (diviy) (dated)
  - Russian: ди́вий (dívij) (obsolete)
South Slavic:
- Old Church Slavonic:
  Old Cyrillic: дивии (divij)
  - Church Slavonic: дивии (divij)
- Serbo-Croatian:
  Cyrillic: дѝваљ
  
  Latin: dìvalj, dìvijī
- Slovene: dívji
West Slavic:
- Silesian: dziwi
- Upper Sorbian: dźiwi

References

Derksen, Rick (2008), “*divъ II”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 108
Sławski, Franciszek, editor (1979), “divъ 4”, in Słownik prasłowiański [Proto-Slavic Dictionary] (in Polish), volume 3 (davьnъ – dobirati sę), Wrocław: National Ossoliński Institute, →ISBN, page 228
Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1978), “divъ(jь)”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological Dictionary of Slavic Languages] (in Russian), issue 5 (*dělo – *dьržьlь), Moscow: Nauka, page 35
Snoj, Marko (2016), “divji”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar³ (in Slovene), https://fran.si: “Pslovan. *dívьjь, izpeljano iz *divъ̏ ‛zli duh, demon, čudo’”

Etymology 5

Onomatopoeic, secondarily associated with *diviti. Compare Bulgarian джив-джив (dživ-dživ), джи́вкам (džívkam, “to chirp”), дживга́р (dživgár, “sparrow”) (dialectal), Macedonian џив-џив (dživ-dživ), џивка (dživka, “to chirp”).

Interjection

*divъ[1]

(West Slavic) chirping (natural call of sparrows)

Descendants

West Slavic:
- Czech: div div
- Polish: dziw, dziw dziw
- Sorbian:
  - Lower Sorbian: źiw źiw źiw
  - Upper Sorbian: dziw dziw dziw

References

Sławski, Franciszek, editor (1979), “divъ 5”, in Słownik prasłowiański [Proto-Slavic Dictionary] (in Polish), volume 3 (davьnъ – dobirati sę), Wrocław: National Ossoliński Institute, →ISBN, page 231

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[1] Sławski, Franciszek, editor (1979), “divъ 2”, in Słownik prasłowiański [Proto-Slavic Dictionary] (in Polish), volume 3 (davьnъ – dobirati sę), Wrocław: National Ossoliński Institute, →ISBN, page 226

[2] Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1978), “*divъ”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological Dictionary of Slavic Languages] (in Russian), issue 5 (*dělo – *dьržьlь), Moscow: Nauka, page 35

[3] Boryś, Wiesław (2005), “dziw”, in Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego (in Polish), Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie, →ISBN, pages 146

[4] Derksen, Rick (2008), “*divъ I”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 108

[5] Sławski, Franciszek, editor (1979), “divъ 1”, in Słownik prasłowiański [Proto-Slavic Dictionary] (in Polish), volume 3 (davьnъ – dobirati sę), Wrocław: National Ossoliński Institute, →ISBN, page 225

[6] Snoj, Marko (2016), “diven”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar³ (in Slovene), https://fran.si: “iz *divъ̏ (ali *dȋvъ) ‛čudež, čudo, demon’”

[7] Sławski, Franciszek, editor (1979), “divъ 3”, in Słownik prasłowiański [Proto-Slavic Dictionary] (in Polish), volume 3 (davьnъ – dobirati sę), Wrocław: National Ossoliński Institute, →ISBN, page 227

[8] Derksen, Rick (2008), “*divъ II”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 108

[9] Sławski, Franciszek, editor (1979), “divъ 4”, in Słownik prasłowiański [Proto-Slavic Dictionary] (in Polish), volume 3 (davьnъ – dobirati sę), Wrocław: National Ossoliński Institute, →ISBN, page 228

[10] Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1978), “divъ(jь)”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological Dictionary of Slavic Languages] (in Russian), issue 5 (*dělo – *dьržьlь), Moscow: Nauka, page 35

[11] Snoj, Marko (2016), “divji”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar³ (in Slovene), https://fran.si: “Pslovan. *dívьjь, izpeljano iz *divъ̏ ‛zli duh, demon, čudo’”

[12] Sławski, Franciszek, editor (1979), “divъ 5”, in Słownik prasłowiański [Proto-Slavic Dictionary] (in Polish), volume 3 (davьnъ – dobirati sę), Wrocław: National Ossoliński Institute, →ISBN, page 231

Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/divъ

Proto-Slavic

Etymology 1

Noun

Declension

Derived terms

Related terms

Descendants

References

Etymology 2

Noun

Declension

Descendants

References

Further reading

Etymology 3

Adjective

Declension

Derived terms

Related terms

Descendants

References

Etymology 4

Adjective

Declension

Derived terms

Related terms

Descendants

References

Etymology 5

Interjection

Descendants

References